Table 2.
Results for specific in-water resistance training interventions
| Reference | Competition level, sex, N in intervention groups, age (y) | Specific in-water resistance training | Week tr./ tr. per week | Resistance training program for EG and any changes in CG habitual training | Swim performance measured | Other measured effects | Positive effects of training intervention | Findings in swim performance * Significant change from pre- to posttest (p < 0.05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dragunas et al. [34] |
Regional to national n = 18 10 M, 8 F EG, n = 9 19.3 ± 0.87 CG, n = 9 19.0 ± 1.80 |
Drag-suit | 5/3 |
EG: Drag-suit Day 1: 3 × 50yd sprint + 200yd easy swim Day 2: 4 × 4 x 25yd sprints + 200yd easy swim Day 3: 16 × 25yd sprints CG: same sprint sets without drag-suit |
50 m fc | SR and SL | + none |
50 m (s) EG: Pre 29.6 ± 3.1 Post 29.5 ± 2.9 CG: Pre 29.8 ± 2.15 Post 29.3 ± 2.2 |
| Girold et al. [32] |
Regional to national n = 37 16 M, 21 F EG (RS), n = 15 16.5 ± 2.0 EG (AS), n = 11 18.0 ± 3.0 CG, n = 11 17.0 ± 3.0 |
Resistance band | 3/3 |
AS: 12 × 25-m crawl sprints RS: 30 s work /30 s rest × 6 crawl sprints CG: 50 m × 6 crawl sprints |
100 m fc | SL, SR, elbow flexor and extensor strength, 1st and 2nd 50 m over the 100 m performance | + SR (both intervention groups), 100 m (RS) |
100 m (s) RS: Pre 67.43 ± 4.4 Post 66.05 ± 4.0* AS: Pre 62.46 ± 5.32 Post 61.9 ± 4.85 CG: Pre 68.15 ± 6.18 Post 68.35 ± 5.91 |
| Girold et al. [12] |
Regional to national n = 14 7 M, 7 F EG, n = 7 16.5 ± 2.5 CG, n = 7 16.5 ± 1.5 |
Resistance band | 12/2 |
RAS: 3 reps × 2 × 3. Resisted one way and assisted the other ca. 45 min CG: 45 min aerobic cycling |
50 m fc | SL, SR, SD, elbow flexor and extensor strength | + 50 m, SD, elbow extensor strength |
50 m (s) RAS: Pre 30.94 ± 1.59 Post 30.00 ± 2.00* CG: Pre 31.35 ± 2.30 Post 31.11 ± 1.89 |
| Gourgoulis et al. [35] |
Regional n = 12 F EG, n = 6 13.08 ± 0.9 CG, n = 6 13.08 ± 0.9 |
Parachute | 11/4 |
EG: Parachute Day 1 and 3: 3 × 6 × 15-m all-out Day 2 and 4: 2 × 4 × 25-m all-out CG: same as EG but without parachute |
50 m, 100 m, 200 m fc | 50, 100, 200 m front crawl with pull buoy, mean SV, SL, SR, total stroke duration, duration of propulsive and non-propulsive phase | + 50, 100, 200 m front crawl with and without pull buoy, mean swimming velocity |
50 m (s) EG: Pre 35.92 ± 1.96 Post 34.77 ± 2.13* CG: Pre 35.67 ± 3.50 Post 35.60 ± 3.04 100 m (s) EG: Pre 77.73 ± 5.25 Post 73.75 ± 5.21* CG: Pre 78.00 ± 7.46 Post 77.10 ± 8.24 200 m (s) EG: Pre 172.00 ± 12.98 Post 159.17 ± 10.68* CG: Pre 171.17 ± 14.47 Post 170.17 ± 13.75 |
| Junior et al. [48] |
National n = 14 M EG, n = 7 15–16 CG, n = 7 15–16 |
Resistance band | 8/2 |
RS: 3 × 2 series of 30 s resisted swim + 10 s + 2 min rest CG: swim only |
50 m fc | RPE | + 25 m front crawl |
25 m (s) EG: Pre 13.10 ± 0.65 Post 12.70 ± 0.46* CG: Pre 13.15 ± 0.54 Post 13.13 ± 0.47 50 m (s) EG: Pre 27.50 ± 0.75 Post 27.13 ± 0.72 CG: Pre 27.55 ± 0.54 Post 27.51 ± 0.92 |
| Kojima et al. [30] |
Regional n = 18 9 M, 9 F EG, n = 9 13.5 ± 1.0 CG, n = 9 13.5 ± 1.4 |
Resistance band | 10/2 |
RS: 10 × 10-m resisted sprints CG: 10 × 15-m non-resisted sprints |
50 m fc | Peak power, peak power/ stroke, 13.7 m front crawl | + peak power, peak power per stroke, 13.7 and 50 m fc for both groups |
50 m (s) EG: Pre 31.85 ± 0.15 Post 30.8 ± 4.2* CG: Pre 32.47 ± 0.11 Post 31.25 ± 1.8* |
| Mavridis et al. [31] |
National n = 82 (–-) EG, n = 53 14.7 ± 1.5 CG, n = 29 15.0 ± 1.5 |
Resistance band | 12/3 |
RS: 2 × 50 m at 70% intensity 4 × 25 m at max intensity with resistance CG: same as RS but without resistance |
50 m, 100 m, 200 m in preferred stroke | 10 m test with and without resistance | + 100 and 200 m in best stroke, 10 m test with and without resistance |
50 m (s) EG: Pre 33.74 ± 3.85 Post 32.55 ± 3.49* CG: Pre 33.63 ± 3.87 Post 32.97 ± 3.55* 100 m (s) EG: Pre 73.13 ± 8.66 Post 70.83 ± 7.86* CG: Pre 72.91 ± 8.71 Post 71.83 ± 7.85 200 m (s) EG: Pre 159.59 ± 18.34* Post 154.5 ± 17.39 CG: Pre 159.19 ± 18.34 Post 157.66 ± 17.43 |
| Papoti et al. [29] |
National n = 21 12 M, 9 F EG, n = 10 16.0 ± 2.1 CG, n = 11 16.0 ± 2.1 |
Resistance band | 7/5 |
EG: 50% of main series performed with tethered swimming CG: swim only |
100 m, 200 m and 400 m fc | Anaerobic threshold, SR at anaerobic threshold, peak force, peak blood lactate | + peak blood lactate |
100 m (s) EG: Pre 65.79 ± 7.01 Post 66.67 ± 7.20 CG Pre 65.79 ± 7.45 Post 67.11 ± 7.76 200 m (s) EG: Pre 151.52 ± 11.54 Post 148.15 ± 14.40 CG: Pre 148.15 ± 17.81 Post 148.15 ± 15.53 400 m (s) EG: Pre 320.00 ± 31.01 Post 320.00 ± 28.38 CG: Pre 320.00 ± 28.38 Post 322.58 ± 23.54 |
Participant’s characteristics, method of resistance training, duration of training intervention and sessions per week, training program, swimming performance measured, positive effects of training intervention, findings in swim performance and whether they are significant (p < 0.05). EG = experimental training group and CG is control group
M = male, F = female, n = number, y = years, yd = yards, fc = front crawl, RS = resistance trained group, AS = assisted trained group, SR = stroke rate, SL = stroke length, SD = stroke depth, SV = swimming velocity, RPE = ratings of perceived exertion with Borg’s scale