Fig. 6.

AST-004 treatments improve spatial memory 30 days post-injury. TBI-injured mice or shams were injected with either vehicle or AST-004 (0.22 mg/kg) 30 min after injury. Contextual fear conditioning tests were performed 30 days later. All panels show freezing percentages during contextual fear memory training and testing (24 h and 48 h after TBI). Males (a–c) and females (d–f) were analyzed separately. Note that AST-004 reversed TBI-induced impairment in freezing behavior after shock (training session) in both sexes. However, TBI-induced long-memory loss was only observed in male mice, which was significantly improved by AST-004 treatment. Each filled circle in the histogram bars represents a single mouse. Number of mice used for sham: 6 males and 6 females, for TBI + vehicle: 11 males and 10 females, for TBI + AST-004: 5 males and 5 females