Table 2.

Summary of variables assessed, including strength of evidence for the relationship between each variable and non-receipt of mental health services.

Variable	Total # of studies	Total # of observations	Direction (variable associated with non-receipt of mental health services)	Total # of observations in this direction	Summary of evidence for risk factors for non-receipt of mental health services
Demographic
Sex	31	50	Male	31	Consistent evidence for male sex
			Null	19
Age	23	30	Older age	10	Evidence for both younger and older age*
			Younger age	8
			Middle age	1
			Bimodal (older and younger age)	2
			Null	9
Location	8	14	Rural location	8	Consistent evidence for rural location
			Null	6
Ethnicity	13	15	Non-White ethnicity	5	Some evidence for ethnic minority status
			Indigenous	2
			Null	8
Employment status	7	10	Being employed	4	Some evidence for being employed
			Being retired	1
			Null	5
Marital status	11	15	Being married	2	Unlikely association for marital status
			Never having been married	1
			Being widowed	2
			Null	10
Living situation	6	7	Living alone	2	Unlikely association for living situation
			Null	5
Education level	4	5	Low neighborhood education	2	Unlikely association for individual education level; insufficient evidence for neighborhood education level
			Null	3
Occupation	7	9	Farm laborer (compared to farm manager)	1	Insufficient studies (given heterogeneity among studies)
			Non-farming/agriculture occupation among those living rurally	1
			Marine Corp (compared to Army)	1
			Null	6
Income level	2	3	High income	2	Insufficient studies
			Low neighborhood income	1
Religion	2	2	Null	2	Insufficient studies
Sexual orientation	1	2	Null	2	Insufficient studies
Parental status	1	2	No children	2	Insufficient studies
Perinatal status	1	5	Suicide death during perinatal period	1	Insufficient studies
			Null	4
Political views	1	1	Being socially conservative	1	Insufficient studies
Diagnostic
Any MH diagnosis	8	10	Absence of any MH diagnosis	10	Consistent evidence for absence of any MH diagnosis
Mood disorder/ depressed mood	10	15	Absence of mood disorder/depressed mood	12	Consistent evidence for absence of mood disorder/depressed mood
			Null	3
Schizophrenia and related disorders	6	13*	Absence of schizophrenia and related disorders	11	Consistent evidence for absence of schizophrenia and related disorders
			Null	2
Alcohol/substance abuse	10	15	Absence of alcohol/substance abuse	8	Consistent evidence for absence of alcohol/substance use
			Null	7
Family history of mental illness/suicidality	4	6	Absence of family history of mental illness	1	Unlikely association for family history of mental illness/suicidality
Anxiety	2	3	Absence of anxiety disorder	2	Insufficient studies
			Null	1
Personality disorder	2	2	Null	2	Insufficient studies
Adjustment disorder	1	2	Absence of adjustment disorder	2	Insufficient studies
Problem gambling	1	3	Absence of problem gambling	3	Insufficient studies
Suicide-related
Method of suicide	20	24	Violent methods	15	Consistent evidence for violent methods of suicide
			Carbon monoxide	2
			Null	7
Past suicidal behavior	16	20	Absence of past suicidal behavior	18	Consistent evidence for absence of past suicide attempts
			Null	2
Disclosure of suicide intent to others	7	9	Absence of disclosure	4	Some evidence for the absence of disclosure
			Null	5
Location/time of death	4	4	Null	4	Unlikely association for location/time of death
Suicide note	7	7	No suicide note	2	Unlikely association for no suicide note
			Null	5
Time from initial onset of suicidal behavior	1	2	Short time period between initial onset of suicidal behavior and death	2	Insufficient studies
Perceived suicide risk	2	2	Low perceived risk	1	Insufficient evidence
			Null	1
Psychosocial stressors/precipitating events
Any stressor	4	4	Presence of any recent stressor	2	Some evidence for presence of any stressor
			Null	2
Financial/job problems	9	13	Presence of financial/job problems	4	Some evidence for presence of financial/job problems
			Null	9
Criminal/legal problems	5	6	Presence of criminal/legal problems	2	Some evidence for experiencing criminal/legal problems
Physical health problems	10	11	Absence of physical health problems	1	Unlikely association for physical health problems
			Presence of physical health problems	3
			Null	7
Family or relationship or interpersonal problems	6	8	Presence of family/relationship/interpersonal problems	1	Unlikely association for experiencing family or relationship or interpersonal problems
			Null	7
Recent loss (incl. suicide or other death of   close person)	6	7	Null	7	Unlikely association for experiencing recent loss
Housing problems/homelessness	2	2	Being homeless	1	Insufficient studies
			Null	1
Immigration	1	1	Null	1	Insufficient studies
Life events in childhood	1	1	Null	1	Insufficient studies
Perpetuating violence	1	1	Perpetrator of violence	1	Insufficient studies
Victim of violence	1	1	Null	1	Insufficient studies
Other variables
Contact with other services (e.g., GP, social services)	6	10	Absence of contact with other services	8	Consistent evidence for absence of contact with other services
			Null	2
Family history of   psychiatric contact	1	2	Absence of family history of psychiatric contact	1	Insufficient studies
			Null	1
Social problem-solving	1	1	Null	1	Insufficient studies
Impulsivity	1	1	Null	1	Insufficient studies
Academic performance	1	1	Null	1	Insufficient studies