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. 2022 Jan 18;12:838082. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.838082

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Kang, Yuan, Cao, Huang and de Marco

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline of conceptual and technical innovations contributing to the development of the multi-function nanobody landscape. The Camelidae “heavy-chain-only antibodies” were first reported by Hamers-Casterman et al. (7) in 1993 and the first bispecific antibody (Catumaxomab) was approved by EMA only in 2009 (56). In 2014, the first bispecific scFv (Blinatumomab) was approved by FDA (57) and the same agency approved, the first bivalent nanobody drug (Caplacizumab) for treatment of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in 2019 (58).