TABLE 1.
Listing of available biosensors for key metabolites.
| Metabolite | Name | Sensor type | Biological system | Dynamic range | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | FlipGlu | FRET | Cos-7 cells | Micromolar to millimolar | Fehr et al. (2003) |
| Glucose | Modified FlipGlu | FRET | HepG2 cells | Micromolar to millimolar | Takanaga et al. (2008) |
| Glucose | Green Glifons (various) | Single fluorescent protein | MIN pancreatic cells | Micromolar to millimolar | Mita et al. (2019) |
| Glucose | iGlucoSnFR | Circularly permuted GFP | Neuronal cells, Drosophila, Zebrafish | Micromolar to millimolar | Keller et al. (2021) |
| Glucose | iGlucoSnFR-TS | Fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) | Neuronal cells | Micromolar to millimolar | (Diaz-Garcia et al., 2017; Diaz-Garcia et al., 2019) |
| Sucrose/Trehalose/Glucose | FLIPsuc-90µ (various) | FRET | In vitro only | Micromolar to millimolar | (Lager et al., 2006; Sadoine et al., 2020) |
| Pyruvate | Green Pegassos | Single permuted fluorescent protein | HEK293, Hela cells | Micromolar (higher end) to millimolar | Harada et al. (2020) |
| Pyruvate | Pyronic | FRET | Astrocytes, HEK293, T98G glioma cells | Micromolar to millimolar | San Martin et al. (2014) |
| Pyruvate | PYRATES | FRET | Ex vivo Presomitic cell culture model | Micromolar to millimolar | Bulusu et al. (2017) |
| Lactate | LACONIC | FRET | Astrocytes, HEK293, T98G glioma cells | Micromolar to millimolar | San Martin et al. (2013) |
| Lactate | Green Lindoblum | Single permuted fluorescent protein | HEK293, Hela cells | Micromolar (higher end) to millimolar | Harada et al. (2020) |
| Lactate | eLACCO1.1 | Circularly permuted GFP | T98G cells and ex vivo mouse brain tissue imaging | Micromolar to millimolar | Nasu et al. (2021) |
| Pyruvate | RESPYR | BRET | HEK293 cell culture | Micromolar (higher end) to millimolar | Compan et al. (2015) |
| Carrier activity | |||||
| Pyruvate | PyronicSF | Circularly permuted GFP | Mouse astrocyte cell culture and Drosophila dissected brain | Micromolar (lower end) to millimolar | Arce-Molina et al. (2020) |
| Lactate/Pyruvate ratio | Lapronic | FRET | HEK293 cell culture | Micromolar (from lower end) to millimolar (lower end) | Galaz et al. (2020) |
| Citrate | Cit96μ | FRET | Islet β-cells in culture | Micromolar (from lower end) to millimolar (lower end | Gregg et al. (2019) |
| Citrate | CF98 | Circularly permuted fluorescent protein | In vitro | Millimolar | Honda and Kirimura, (2013) |
| Citrate | Citron and Citroff | Circularly permuted fluorescent protein | In vitro and Hela cells | Micromolar (lower end) to high millimolar | Zhao et al. (2020b) |
| Glutamine | FLIPQ-TV | FRET | Cos-7 cells | Nanomolar to micromolar | Gruenwald et al. (2012) |
| Glutamate | GluSnFR | FRET | HEK, Hela, Neuronal cells | Micromolar | Hires et al. (2008) |
| Glutamate | iGluSnFR | Permuted fluorescent protein | Mouse retina and neural cells and zebrafish | Micromolar | Marvin et al. (2013) |
| Glutamate | iGluf and iGluu | Circularly permuted GFP | HEK293 and neuronal cells | Micromolar | Helassa et al. (2018) |
| Glutamate | R-iGluSnFR1 and G-iGluSnFR | Circularly permuted fluorescent proteins | HEK293 and hippocampal neurons | Nanomolar to micromolar | Wu et al. (2018) |
| Histidine | HisJ | Circularly permuted YFP | Hela cells | Nanomolar to micromolar | Hu et al. (2017) |
| Methionine | YFPMetQ-R189CouA | FRET | In vitro (Serum) | Micromolar | Ko Wooseok, (2019) |
| Cysteine | Cys-FS | FRET | Yeast, HEK293 | Micromolar | Singh et al. (2020) |
| Lysine | FLIPK | FRET | In vitro, Yeast | Micromolar | Ameen et al. (2016) |
| leucine−isoleucine−valine | OLIVe | FRET | Hela | Micromolar to millimolar | Yoshida et al. (2019) |
| S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) | Corn-SAM | Corn RNA aptamer/SAM Riboswitch | HEK293T | Micromolar to millimolar | Kim and Jaffrey, (2019) |
| S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) | Red Broccoli-SAM sensor | Broccoli RNA aptamer/SAM Riboswitch | HEK293 | Micromolar to millimolar | Li et al. (2020) |
| S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) | Tornado-Broccoli-SAM | Circularized RNA/Broccoli aptamer/SAM riboswitch | HEK293T | Micromolar to millimolar | Litke and Jaffrey, (2019) |
The table includes mostly those biosensors that have been tested in higher eukaryotes. A brief description of the dynamic range is given. In many cases the reported biosensor includes a set of variants that cover the whole dynamic range with a complete description in the accompanying reference.