Figure 2.

Shockwave treatment induced transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. (A) Chondrocytes were treated using shockwaves with 500 impulses at energy-flux density (EFD) values of 0, 0.03, 0.07, and 0.15 mJ/mm² and a frequency of 4 Hz. ROS production in cells was detected 10 minutes after shockwave treatment. (B) Time-series of ROS production after a single course of shockwaves (500 impulses at 0.15 mJ/mm²). (C) Chondrocyte pellets were pretreated with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI; an NADPH oxidase inhibitor), rotenone (a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor), or allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase [XO] inhibitor) and then subjected to a single course of shockwaves (500 impulses at 0.15 mJ/mm²). The ROS level was measured 10 minutes after shockwave application. Each bar represents mean ± standard deviation, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; Ctrl = control group; SW = shockwave treatment group).