TABLE 3.
Voxel‐based morphometry analysis of effect of time and glucose groups on gray matter volume
| Peak p (FWE‐corr) | Peak T or F | Z | cluster (k) | Peak p (unc) | x,y,z (mm) | Regions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F‐test main effect of time | F | |||||||
| Whole brain | 0.000 | 127.26 | Inf | 16353 | 0.000 | −8 9 4 | Left caudate | |
| 0.000 | 83.32 | 7.63 | 5794 | 0.000 | 48 20 −9 | Right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) | ||
| 0.000 | 67.41 | 7.03 | 8846 | 0.000 | −46 18 −10 | Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) | ||
| 0.000 | 66.22 | 6.98 | 382 | 0.000 | −26 −16 −16 | Left parahippocampal gyrus | ||
| 0.000 | 63.7 | 6.87 | 373 | 0.000 | 15 24 −9 | Right caudate | ||
| 0.000 | 58.29 | 6.63 | 668 | 0.000 | 52 15 30 | Right middle frontal gyrus (BA 9) | ||
| 0.000 | 57.01 | 6.57 | 3506 | 0.000 | 57 −24 50 | Right postcentral gyrus (BA 2) | ||
| 0.000 | 54.26 | 6.44 | 372 | 0.000 | −12 22 −9 | Left hippocampus | ||
| 0.000 | 53.86 | 6.42 | 886 | 0.000 | −40 −40 −36 | Left cerebellum | ||
| 0.000 | 49.93 | 6.22 | 181 | 0.000 | −15 9 −22 | Left orbitofrontal gyrus | ||
| 0.000 | 47.55 | 6.09 | 435 | 0.000 | 44 −26 −33 | Right fusiform gyrus | ||
| 0.000 | 44.73 | 5.93 | 373 | 0.000 | 44 −45 −28 | Right fusiform gyrus | ||
| 0.000 | 39.75 | 5.63 | 229 | 0.000 | 28 −15 −18 | Right hippocampus | ||
| 0.000 | 39.7 | 5.63 | 675 | 0.000 | −52 −34 52 | Left postcentral gyrus | ||
| 0.001 | 37.33 | 5.48 | 307 | 0.000 | −39 −14 −45 | Left inferior temporal gyrus | ||
| 0.001 | 37.08 | 5.46 | 271 | 0.000 | −14 −16 78 | Left precentral gyrus | ||
| 0.001 | 36.08 | 5.4 | 244 | 0.000 | −33 −51 48 | Left inferior parietal cortex | ||
| F‐test interaction of time and glucose group | F | |||||||
| Whole brain | n.s | |||||||
| Hippocampus | 0.031 | 11.11 | 3.03 | 81 | 0.000 | 33, −10, −26 | Right hippocampus | |
| Precuneus/inferior parietal cortex | n.s. | |||||||
| T‐test | ||||||||
| Negative interaction between time and glucose group | T | |||||||
| Whole brain | n.s. | |||||||
| Hippocampus | n.s. | |||||||
| Precuneus/inferior parietal | n.s. | |||||||
| Positive interaction between time and glucose group | T | |||||||
| Whole brain | 0.577 | 3.98 | 3.82 | 156 | 0.000 | 44, −44, 42 | Right parietal lobe (BA 40) | |
| 0.990 | 3.36 | 3.26 | 135 | 0.000 | 62, −24, −2 | Right superior temporal gyrus | ||
| Hippocampus | 0.035 | 3.33 | 3.23 | 133 | 0.000 | 33, −10, −26 | Right hippocampus | |
| Precuneus/inferior parietal cortex | 0.003 | 3.98 | 3.82 | 358 | 0.000 | 44, −42, 42 | Right inferior parietal cortex | |
Abbreviations: BA, Brodmann's area; FWE‐corr, family‐wise error corrected P‐value; n.s., not significant; p (unc), uncorrected P value; x,y,z, coordinates from Talairach and Tournoux.
Notes: Voxel‐based longitudinal gray matter results in individuals whose glucose improves compared to those whose glucose worsens over 1 year.
Regions are listed by descending cluster size.