Table 1.
Baseline population characteristics (N=77)a.
| Characteristic | Value | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 48.4 (11.3) | |
| Male, n (%) | 24 (30) | |
| Education attainment, n (%) | ||
|
|
Elementary school diploma | 4 (5.1) |
|
|
Junior high school diploma | 7 (9) |
|
|
High school diploma | 17 (22) |
|
|
Technician degree | 3 (3.8) |
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | 37 (48) |
|
|
Graduate school degree | 9 (11.6) |
| Treatment, n (%) | ||
|
|
Lifestyle modification | 45 (57.6) |
|
|
Lifestyle modification + metformin | 33 (42.3) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 97 (9.6) | |
| Glucose after 120 minutes (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 127 (26.2) | |
| HbA1cb (%), mean (SD) | 5.9 (0.2) | |
| Fasting insulin (U/mL), mean (SD) | 7.9 (4.2) | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 188.7 (37.6) | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 151 (92) | |
| HOMAc, mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.1) | |
| OGISd, mean (SD) | 404.4 (77.0) | |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 78.8 (13.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 30.4 (4.4) | |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 98.5 (11.4) | |
| WHRe, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.07) | |
| Body fat (%), mean (SD) | 40.2 (7.0) | |
| Free-fat mass index, mean (SD) | 17.0 (2.0) | |
| VATf (g), mean (SD) | 1219.5 (488.5) | |
| Daily caloric intake (kcal), mean (SD) | 1863.1 (1193.9) | |
| Daily protein consumption (%), mean (SD) | 17.6 (6.5) | |
| Daily fat consumption (%), mean (SD) | 31.1 (9.0) | |
| Carbohydrate consumption (%), mean (SD) | 51.4 (12.6) | |
| Daily average sugar consumption (g), mean (SD) | 49.8 (52.5) | |
| Daily average fiber consumption (g), mean (SD) | 16.7 (16.5) | |
| Sleep (hours), mean (SD) | 6.4 (1.1) | |
aVariables are presented as means and SDs or medians and IQRs according to the variable distribution.
bHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c.
cHOMA: homeostasis model assessment.
dOGIS: oral glucose insulin sensitivity index.
eWHR: waist-hip ratio.
fVAT: visceral adipose tissue.