Table 7.

Measurement invariance by gender.

Invariance model	Constraints	dfa	χ2	CFIb	BICc	SRMRd	RMSEAe	TLIf
Configural	Factor structure	584	1796	.936	235	.051	.065	.929
Weak/metricg	Structure and loadings	609 (+25)	1819 (+23)	.936 (–.000)	86 (–149)	.053 (+.002)	.064 (–.001)	.932 (+.003)
Strong/scalarg	Structure, loadings, and item intercepts	627 (+18)	1857 (+38)	.935 (–.001)	0 (–86)	.054 (+.001)	.063 (–.000)	.933 (+.001)

^adf: degrees of freedom.

^bCFI: comparative fit index.

^cBIC: Bayesian information criterion.

^dSRMR: standardized root mean square residual.

^eRMSEA: root mean square error of approximation.

^fTLI: Tucker-Lewis index.

^gValues in parentheses provide the comparisons with the less-constrained models reported in the previous row, shown as the difference between the values.