Table 2.
Prodromal neurodegenerative signs in all insomnia combined.
| No Insomnia (n = 20,400) |
All Insomnia (n = 8,755) |
All Insomnia vs Ctrl | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or Mean ± SD | ORAge&Sex(+Education)_Adjusted [95% CI] | ||
| Motor signs | |||
| Balance task | |||
| Best performance (seconds) | 39.7 ± 23.3 | 38.51 ± 23.48 | - |
| <15th percentile | 2,799 (14.5) | 1,271 (15.6) | 1.16 [1.07, 1.25] |
| Timed-Up-and-Go | |||
| Total time | 9.51 ± 2.39 | 9.69 ± 2.89 | - |
| <15th percentile | 2,862 (14.2) | 1,384 (16.1) | 1.23 [1.14, 1.32] |
| 4-m walk task | 4.25 ± 1.04 | 4.34 ± 1.17 | 1.08 [1.06, 1.11] |
| Sit-to-stand | |||
| Average time/trial | 2.66 ± 0.75 | 2.70 ± 0.86 | 1.07 [1.04, 1.11] |
| Neuropsychiatric signs | |||
| F-A-S verbal fluency task | |||
| Total score | 39.3 ± 12.7 | 39.08 ± 12.83 | - |
| <15th percentile | 3,090 (15.7) | 1,412 (16.7) | 1.06 [0.99, 1.14] |
| Recall task | |||
| Immediate recall | 5.85 ± 1.91 | 5.90 ± 1.89 | - |
| <15th percentile | 4,705 (23.8) | 1,928 (22.8) | 1.01 [0.94,1.07] |
| Delayed recall | 4.04 ± 2.17 | 4.11 ± 2.14 | - |
| <15th percentile | 4,628 (23.5) | 1,834 (21.7) | 0.96 [0.90, 1.03] |
| Miami prospective memory task | |||
| Time-based score | 8.67 ± 0.94 | 8.65 ± 0.95 | 0.97 [0.94, 0.99] |
| Event-based score | 8.45 ± 1.39 | 8.43 ± 1.39 | 0.98 [0.97, 1.00] |
| Accuracy | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 0.98 [0.96, 0.99] |
| <15th percentile | 3,025 (15.1) | 1,394 (16.2) | 1.13 [1.05, 1.21] |
| Psychomotor speed task and task switching | |||
| Stroop interference error | 0.68 ± 2.02 | 0.71 ± 2.01 | - |
| >85th percentile | 5,180 (25.83) | 2,347 (27.32) | 1.07 [1.01, 1.13] |
| Mental Alternation Task (MMSE) | 26.68 ± 8.78 | 26.42 ± 8.57 | - |
| <15th percentile | 3,009 (15.5) | 1,340 (16.08) | 0.998 [0.927, 1.074] |
| Choice reaction task | |||
| Accuracy | 98.86 ± 3.03 | 98.88 ± 3.03 | - |
| <15th percentile | 5,359 (26.63) | 2,288 (26.53) | 1.04 [0.98, 1.10] |
| Nonmotor signs | |||
| Autonomic abnormality | |||
| Heart rate variability | 29.4 ± 28.6 | 28.5 ± 28.3 | - |
| <15th percentile | 2,924 (14.7) | 1,331 (15.6) | 1.08 [1.01, 1.16] |
CI = confidence interval, Ctrl = control, F-A-S = verbal fluency task, MMSE = Mini–Mental State Examination, OR = odds ratio, SD = standard deviation.