Table 5.
Prodromal neurodegenerative symptoms among sleep maintenance vs sleep onset insomnia subtypes.
| Onset Insomnia (n = 2,051) | Maintenance Insomnia (n = 4,333) |
Onset vs Ctrl | Maintenance vs Ctrl | Onset vs Maintenance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or Mean ± SD | ORAge&Sex(+Education)_Adjusted [95% CI] | ||||
| Motor symptoms | |||||
| Tanner questionnaire | |||||
| Overall score | 0.70 ± 1.19 | 0.57 ± 1.00 | 1.26 [1.21, 1.31] | 1.14 [1.10, 1.18] | 1.13 [1.07, 1.18] |
| Score ≥3 | 179 (8.73) | 235 (5.42) | 2.17 [1.83, 2.58] | 1.29 [1.11, 1.49] | 1.68 [1.37, 2.07] |
| Fall (last year) | |||||
| At least 1 fall | 255 (13.2) | 463 (11.2) | 1.30 [1.13, 1.50] | 1.12 [1.00, 1.24] | 1.17 [1.00, 1.38] |
| Number of falls | 1.65 ± 2.60 | 1.40 ± 1.05 | 1.06 [1.00, 1.12] | 1.00 [0.93, 1.07] | 1.09 [1.00, 1.21] |
| Neuropsychiatric symptoms | |||||
| Psychiatric and cognitive symptoms | |||||
| Self-reported memory problem | 43 (2.10) | 69 (1.59) | 1.65 [1.17, 2.26] | 1.23 [0.94, 1.60] | 1.40 [0.94, 2.05] |
| Depression/anxiety | 666 (32.6) | 889 (20.6) | 2.06 [1.86, 2.28] | 1.15 [1.06, 1.25] | 1.81 [1.61, 2.05] |
| Prescribed antidepressant | 311 (15.3) | 251 (5.82) | 2.09 [1.82, 2.38] | 0.76 [0.66, 0.87] | 2.82 [2.36, 3.36] |
| Nonmotor symptoms | |||||
| Sleep | |||||
| Sleep hours | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 0.57 [0.55, 0.59] | 0.40 [0.39, 0.42] | 1.30 [1.24, 1.35] |
| Poor sleep quality | 901 (44.0) | 2,446 (56.5) | 6.27 [5.68, 6.92] | 10.5 [9.8, 11.3] | 0.59 [0.53, 0.66] |
| Daytime sleepinessa | 216 (10.6) | 571 (13.2) | 1.82 [1.56, 2.11] | 2.30 [2.07, 2.55] | 0.80 [0.67, 0.94] |
| Possible RLS symptoms | 494 (24.56) | 824 (19.27) | 1.90 [1.70, 2.12] | 1.46 [1.34, 1.59] | 1.31 [1.15, 1.49] |
| Possible RBD | 67 (4.29) | 128 (3.65) | 1.54 [1.17, 1.98] | 1.22 [1.00, 1.48] | 1.23 [0.91, 1.67] |
| Pain | |||||
| Chronic pain (most days) | 912 (47.1) | 1,713 (41.3) | 1.75 [1.59, 1.92] | 1.43 [1.33, 1.53] | 1.23 [1.10, 1.37] |
a
Daytime sleepiness was defined as participants experiencing trouble staying awake during daytime at least 6 days per week for minimum of 3 month. Participants who slept less than 6 hours on average per night or self-reported endorsing narcolepsy were excluded. CI = confidence interval, Ctrl = control, OR = odds ratio, RBD = rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, RLS = restless legs syndrome, SD = standard deviation.