Table 6.
Prodromal neurodegenerative signs and symptoms according to diagnosis of possible insomnia disorder.
| Isolated Onset Insomnia (n = 473) |
Isolated Maintenance Insomnia Disorder (n = 1,044) |
Onset vs Ctrl | Maintenance vs Ctrl | Onset vs Maintenance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or Mean ± SD | ORAge&Sex(+Education)_Adjusted [95% CI] | ||||
| Demography | |||||
| Sex, female | 317 (67.0) | 584 (55.9) | 2.21 [1.83,2.69] | 1.38 [1.22,1.57] | 1.60 [1.28,2.01] |
| Age, y | 60.4 ± 9.8 | 60.1 ± 9.7 | 0.97 [0.96,0.98] | 0.97 [0.97,0.98] | 1.00 [0.99,1.01] |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 5.6 | 29.3 ± 6.4 | 1.04 [1.02,1.05] | 0.99 [0.98,1.01] | 1.05 [1.03,1.06] |
| Years of education | 13.7 ± 2.2 | 13.3 ± 2.2 | 0.91 [0.88,0.95] | 0.98 [0.95,1.01] | 0.93 [0.88,0.98] |
| Clinical signs/symptoms | |||||
| Motor sign | |||||
| Tanner score >3 | 56 (11.8) | 66 (6.32) | 3.81 [2.80,5.09] | 1.82 [1.38,2.35] | 2.17 [1.47,3.20] |
| Poor balance | 72 (16.5) | 115 (11.6) | 1.62 [1.22,2.12] | 1.00 [0.81,1.23] | 1.66 [1.17,2.35] |
| Slow Timed-Up-and-Go | 110 (23.8) | 135 (13.1) | 2.81 [2.21,3.55] | 1.17 [0.96,1.42] | 2.30 [1.70,3.11] |
| Fall (in last year) | 68 (15.3) | 122 (12.2) | 1.57 [1.19,2.02] | 1.25 [1.02,1.51] | 1.27 [0.91,1.74] |
| Psychiatric and psychological symptoms | |||||
| Low F-A-S total score | 84 (18.5) | 134 (13.2) | 1.33 [1.03,1.70] | 0.92 [0.76,1.12] | 1.44 [1.04,1.97] |
| Poor immediate recall | 98 (21.4) | 184 (18.3) | 1.14 [0.89,1.44] | 0.89 [0.75,1.05] | 1.32 [0.97,1.78] |
| Poor delayed recall | 88 (19.1) | 183 (18.1) | 1.00 [0.78,1.28] | 0.87 [0.73,1.04] | 1.17 [0.86,1.59] |
| Poor prospective memory | 118 (25.4) | 250 (24.2) | 1.08 [0.87,1.34] | 1.04 [0.89,1.21] | 1.06 [0.81,1.37] |
| Poor Stroop performance | 79 (17.5) | 137 (13.7) | 1.24 [0.95,1.59] | 0.98 [0.81,1.18] | 1.23 [0.89,1.69] |
| Poor mental alteration | 132 (28.1) | 254 (24.6) | 1.21 [0.98,1.48] | 0.98 [0.84,1.13] | 1.27 [0.99,1.63] |
| Poor choice reaction | 95 (20.4) | 144 (14.1) | 1.80 [1.41,2.28] | 1.10 [0.91,1.32] | 1.61 [1.18,2.17] |
| Clinical anxiety/depression | 230 (48.9) | 290 (27.8) | 3.85 [3.19,4.64] | 1.63 [1.41,1.88] | 2.40 [1.91,3.02] |
| Nonmotor signs | |||||
| pRBD | 18 (5.08) | 29 (3.58) | 1.86 [1.11,2.93] | 1.22 [0.82,1.76] | 1.52 [0.81,2.76] |
| Low HRV | 84 (18.3) | 143 (14) | 1.43 [1.12,1.82] | 1.03 [0.85,1.23] | 1.42 [1.05,1.91] |
| Other sleep symptoms | |||||
| Sleep | |||||
| Poor sleep quality | 267 (56.57) | 689 (66) | 9.99 [8.28,12.1] | 15.2 [13.3,17.4] | 0.67 [0.54,0.84] |
| Possible RLS symptoms | 131 (28.7) | 215 (20.9) | 2.34 [1.89,2.87] | 1.62 [1.38,1.89] | 1.46 [1.13,1.89] |
CI = confidence interval, Ctrl = control, F-A-S = verbal fluency task, HRV = heart-rate variability, OR = odds ratio, pRBD = possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, RBD = rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, RLS = restless legs syndrome, SD = standard deviation.