Table 3.

Criterion validity of the PSQI.

PSQI Subscales	ESS	MEQ-5	GHQ-12
Self-reported sleep quality	0.256***	−0.298***	0.351***
Sleep latency	0.116**	−0.278***	0.246***
Sleep duration	0.157***	−0.101*	0.181***
Sleep efficiency	0.061	−0.159***	0.048
Sleep disturbance	0.395***	−0.220***	0.347***
Sleep medicine use	0.141**	−0.182***	0.199***
Daytime dysfunction	0.299***	−0.161***	0.411***
Total scores	0.302***	–0.309***	0.388***

ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale, GHQ-12 = 12-item General Health Questionnaire, MEQ-5 = 5-item Morning and Evening Questionnaire, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01, *** = P < 0.001.