Table 2.
Summary of regression models of predicting social-emotional wellbeing during COVID-19
| Predictors | Social anxietya | Depressive symptomsa | Generalized anxietyb | Lonelinessa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | β | b (SE) | |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | ||||||||
| Black/African American | −0.03 | −0.09 (0.09) | −0.01 | −0.02 (0.07) | −0.03 | −0.66 (0.61) | 0.06* | 0.24 (0.10) |
| East/Southeast Asian | 0.02 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.01 | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.00 | −0.02 (0.44) | −0.02 | −0.04 (0.08) |
| Latinx | 0.02 | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.04 | 0.47 (0.42) | 0.05 | 0.11 (0.07) |
| Multiracial/multiethnic | −0.01 | −0.03 (0.07) | 0.01 | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 | 0.36 (0.46) | 0.04 | 0.10 (0.08) |
| Other ethnicity | 0.01 | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.04 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.07* | 1.21 (0.53) | 0.04 | 0.14 (0.09) |
| Gender (Cisgender Female) | ||||||||
| Cisgender male | −0.08** | −0.16 (0.05) | −0.02 | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.09** | −1.03 (0.33) | −0.05 | −0.11 (0.06) |
| Gender minority/questioning | 0.02 | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.02 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.03 | 0.61 (0.62) | 0.03 | 0.12 (0.11) |
| Sexual orientation (Heterosexual) | ||||||||
| Sexual minority/questioning | 0.02 | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.13*** | 0.21 (0.04) | 0.09** | 1.13 (0.35) | 0.03 | 0.07 (0.06) |
| Age | −0.07** | −0.08 (0.03) | −0.08** | −0.07 (0.02) | −0.06* | −0.43 (0.20) | −0.05 | −0.07 (0.03) |
| Employment/education (Neither) | ||||||||
| Only education | −0.01 | −0.02 (0.08) | 0.02 | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.02 | −0.21 (0.52) | −0.03 | −0.07 (0.09) |
| Only employment | 0.03 | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.01 | 0.02 (0.08) | −0.04 | −0.47 (0.65) | −0.08 | −0.18 (0.11) |
| Both education and employment | 0.01 | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.01 | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.01 | −0.11 (0.59) | −0.06 | −0.12 (0.10) |
| Financial stress | 0.14*** | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.23*** | 0.13 (0.01) | 0.31*** | 1.24 (0.11) | 0.17*** | 0.13 (0.02) |
| Living arrangements (Alone) | ||||||||
| Living with family/roommates | 0.02 | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.02 | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.05 | 0.57 (0.67) | −0.10 | −0.20 (0.12) |
| Living with friends/partners | 0.02 | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.00 | −0.01 (0.08) | 0.05 | 0.60 (0.70) | −0.18** | −0.40 (0.12) |
| Online for school/work (Fully remote) | ||||||||
| Not fully remote | −0.03 | −0.06 (0.06) | −0.05 | −0.07 (0.05) | −0.04* | −0.48 (0.39) | 0.04 | 0.08 (0.07) |
| Earlier social-emotional wellbeing | 0.50*** | 0.54 (0.03) | 0.40*** | 0.42 (0.03) | – | – | 0.35*** | 0.36 (0.03) |
| Friendships | ||||||||
| Change in number of friendsa | −0.08*** | −0.04 (0.01) | −0.05* | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.06* | −0.16 (0.07) | −0.04 | −0.02 (0.01) |
| Change in friendship qualitya | −0.05* | −0.13 (0.06) | −0.01 | −0.02 (0.05) | 0.00 | 0.00 (0.40) | −0.05* | −0.15 (0.07) |
| Reported change in contact with friendsb | −0.05 | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.05 | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.02 | −0.12 (0.15) | −0.08** | −0.07 (0.03) |
| Frequency of electronic communicationb | −0.04 | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.01 | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 | 0.15 (0.18) | −0.06* | −0.06 (0.03) |
| Satisfaction with electronic communicationb | −0.07* | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.09** | −0.07 (0.02) | −0.14*** | −0.82 (0.17) | −0.11*** | −0.12 (0.03) |
Note. aAssessed across two waves; bAssessed only during the pandemic
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001