Figure 5.

(a), (b) An exposure test of a 3D-printed PETA-B device (for demonstration purposes, a microfluidic mixer with similar device thickness and channel cross section to the co-flow hybrid devices) with a nanosecond 532 nm laser at 360 mJ cm⁻² fluence in air for 10 min. The beam diameter was 1 mm and it was aligned over the device, as indicated by the red dashed circle corresponding approximately to the overlap spot in the EuXFEL experiment (with a distance of 800 µm from the nozzle tip into the device overlapping with the circular laser spot). (b) No visible damage was observed after laser illumination. (c), (d) A 3D-printed IP-S injection device (for demonstration purposes, a microfluidic droplet generator with similar device thickness and channel cross section to the co-flow hybrid devices) was employed for testing. Representative images are shown of IP-S devices (c) before and (d) after laser exposure (200 mJ cm⁻² for 15 min). The IP-S devices show bubble formation at the nozzle exit of the device, indicating damage after laser illumination. Scale bars represent 200 µm in panels (a)–(d).