TABLE 3.
Between and within groups differences in experimental and control groups before and after the 8-week intervention.
| Variable | Group | Pre |
Post |
Δ% | ANOVA (group x time) | Bonferroni post-hoc (time) p-value (ES: d) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||||
| Muscle strength | ||||||||
| 1RM (kg) | EBTG CG |
99.14 92.69 |
21.60 11.31 |
124.36* 97.15 |
26.86 12.42 |
25.44
4.81 |
F(1, 25) = 118.95, p < 0.001, ƞp² = 0.83 |
< 0.001 (2.74) 0.02 (0.50) |
| RSI | EBTG CG |
1.35 1.37 |
0.15 0.26 |
1.57 1.39 |
0.16 0.42 |
16.30
1.46 |
F(1, 25) = 2.40, p = 0.13, ƞp² = 0.09 |
0.03 (1.91) 0.95 (0.02) |
|
| ||||||||
| Muscle power | ||||||||
| CMJ (cm) | EBTG CG |
33.36 32.89 |
3.70 5.97 |
36.83* 31.62 |
4.00 4.84 |
10.40
-3.86 |
F(1, 25) = 3.97, p < 0.05, ƞp² = 0.14 |
< 0.001 (1.34) 0.25 (0.34) |
| SLJ (cm) | EBTG CG |
201.29 190.00 |
24.93 7.25 |
220.00* 190.54 |
26.02 5.53 |
9.30 0.28 | F(1, 25) = 24.25, p < 0.001, ƞp² = 0.49 |
< 0.001 (1.65) 0.79 (0.07) |
|
| ||||||||
| Balance | ||||||||
| CoP SA (mm2) | EBTG CG |
465.18 380.29 |
265.21 163.22 |
483.24 389.38 |
310.11 166.98 |
2.88 2.39 |
F(1, 25) = 0.05, p = 0.82, ƞp² = 0.002 | 0.99 (0.003) 0.24 (0.35) |
| CoP X (mm) | EBTG CG |
533.97 477.46 |
211.61 61.33 |
498.47 481.68 |
212.94 58.80 |
-6.65 0.88 |
F(1, 25) = 2.18, p = 0.14, ƞp² = 0.08 | 0.19 (0.37) 0.17 (0.41) |
| CoP Y (mm) | EBTG CG |
637.21 510.64 |
234.58 100.81 |
526.31 516.06 |
200.38 106.88 |
-17.40 1.06 |
F(1, 25) = 13.26, p < 0.001 ƞp² = 0.35 |
< 0.001 (0.97) 0.15 (0.42) |
| CoP V (mm/s) | EBTG CG |
17.84 15.73 |
6.02 2.25 |
16.48 16.59 |
5.53 3.73 |
-7.62 5.47 |
F(1, 25) = 2.31, p = 0.14, ƞp² = 0.09 | 0.09 (0.49) 0.58 (0.16) |
Statistically significant difference between experimental and control group in post-intervention values. Numbers in bold type highlight statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Values are presented as mean (M), standard deviation (SD), and percentage of variation from baseline to follow up (Δ%); F values, level of significance (p-value), and effect sizes (ES; eta partial squared (ƞp²); Cohen’s d (d)) in brackets of the between and within groups comparison are also displayed. EBTG: elastic band training group; CG: control group; 1RM: one repetition maximum; reactive strength index (RSI) was calculated as a ratio of the jump height (m) divided by the contact time with the ground (s); CMJ: countermovement jump; SLJ: standing long jump; CoP SA: centre of pressure sway area (representing the ellipse area covered by the trajectory of the CoP); CoP X: centre of pressure displacement in the mediolateral plane; CoP Y: centre of pressure displacement in the anteroposterior plane; V: velocity of the displacement of the CoP. For all the balance parameters (CoP), the lower the value the better the result.