Table 1.

Baseline data characteristics of the 168 participants and comparison among the PPAL, FPAL, and SVL groups

Parametera	Total (n = 168)	PPALs (n = 59)	FPALs (n = 48)	SVLs (n = 61)	P
Age (years)	9.3 ± 1.1	9.2 ± 1.1	9.4 ± 1.1	9.2 ± 1.1	0.472
Male, n (%)	88 (52.4%)	32 (54.2%)	23 (47.9%)	33 (54.1%)	0.849
SER (D)	− 2.38 ± 0.61	− 2.41 ± 0.68	− 2.34 ± 0.56	− 2.39 ± 0.57	0.852
VA (logMAR)	0.00 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.02	− 0.01 ± 0.02	− 0.01 ± 0.03	0.222
AL (mm)	24.58 ± 0.72	24.55 ± 0.71	24.58 ± 0.78	24.61 ± 0.69	0.900
Subfoveal CT (µm)	231.03 ± 54.04	231.60 ± 51.84	230.46 ± 57.36	231.65 ± 56.77	0.981
RT (µm)	251.12 ± 15.91	250.58 ± 15.15	252.31 ± 17.11	251.18 ± 15.73	0.853
ΔSER1 (D)	− 1.02 ± 0.43	− 1.08 ± 0.42	− 1.00 ± 0.37	− 0.99 ± 0.48	0.376
ΔSER2 (D)	− 0.47 ± 0.38	− 0.47 ± 0.36	− 0.48 ± 0.37	− 0.45 ± 0.40	0.923
ΔAL1 (mm)	0.36 ± 0.15	0.38 ± 0.14	0.35 ± 0.13	0.36 ± 0.17	0.688
ΔAL2 (mm)	0.29 ± 0.13	0.29 ± 0.12	0.29 ± 0.13	0.30 ± 0.13	0.936
ΔCT1 (µm)	− 7.98 ± 23.61	− 12.01 ± 25.97	− 8.15 ± 22.06	− 3.67 ± 21.85	0.155
ΔCT2 (µm)	− 16.64 ± 25.631	− 17.42 ± 26.45	− 13.43 ± 27.03	− 18.46 ± 23.72	0.578

PPALs= personalized progressive addition lenses; FPALs= fixed progressive addition lenses; SVLs= single vision lenses; n= number; D= dioptre; SER= spherical equivalent of refraction; logMAR= logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; VA= visual acuity; AL= axial length; CT= choroidal thickness; RT= retinal thickness

^aThe means ± standard deviations for age, SER, VA, and AL; P values based on ANOVA. ΔSER1, the change of spherical equivalent of refraction in the first year; ΔSER2, the change of spherical equivalent of refraction in the second year; ΔAL1, the change of axial length in the first year; ΔAL2, the change of axial length in the second year; ΔCT1, the change of subfoveal choroidal thickness in the first year; ΔCT2, the change of subfoveal choroidal thickness in the second year