Table 2.

Selected randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir and control group(s).

Randomized Controlled Trials	Patient Characteristics	Comparison groups	Number of patients included	Primary Outcome Measure	Main results
WHO Solidarity Trial, Pan et al. [13]	Hospitalized patients with COVID-19	Lopinavir vs. local standard of care	1399 vs. 1372	28-day mortality	10.5% vs. 10.6%; RR: 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79–1.25, p: 0.97
Cao et al. [30]	Hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection	Lopinavir/ritonavir+ standard of care vs. standard of care	99 vs. 100	Time to clinical improvement	HR: 1.24; 95% CI, 0.90–1.72
Recovery Collaborative Group, Horby P et al. [31]	Hospitalized patients with COVID-19	Standard of care vs. lopinavir/ritonavir+ standard of care	1616 vs. 3424	28-day mortality	22% vs. 23%; RR: 1.03; 95% CI, 0.91–1.17; p: 0.60
Discovery trial, Ader et al. [32]	Hospitalized patients with COVID-19	Lopinavir/ritonavir+ standard of care vs. standard of care	145 vs. 148	Clinical status at 15 days according to seven-level ordinal scale	aOR: 0.83; 95% CI, 0.55–1.26; p: 0.39

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus diseases 2019; RR, rate ratio; HR, hazard ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2.