Figure 17.

Extracellular and intracellular reactions due to structural changes of the protein corona. BG–protein interaction causes various signal modulations and toxic effects in biofluids and cells. Reversible and irreversible orientation and conformational changes of protein structure after adsorption can perturb downstream signaling that may be harmful to the host. Protein corona formation has different extracellular and intracellular effects. B) The pros and cons of protein corona formation. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ROS, reactive oxygen species.^{[ 212 ]}