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. 2022 Feb 1;29(4):2223–2240. doi: 10.1007/s10570-022-04441-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scheme 1 — A Use of cellulosic surgical masks as a platform material to develop catalytic materials upon the incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles and Fe_xO_y/CoO_x nanozymes. This procedure avoids the uncontrolled disposal of surgical masks. B Scheme with the preparation of catalytic substrates onto cellulose non-woven layers showing the macroscopic appearance of the masks before and after incubation with nanoparticle solutions (stored in the vial)