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. 2022 Jan 28;17:443–462. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S349238

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© 2022 Wang et al.

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Antimicrobial and Dysfunction Mechanisms of AgBMs. Antimicrobial mechanisms of AgBMs (yellow frame) include destruction of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, interruption of ATP production, production of destructive chemicals, interference with DNA replication and denaturation of ribosomes. The dysfunction mechanisms of AgBMs (blue frame) include efflux pump draining Ag⁺, flagellin aggregating AgNPs, coordinating the binding of histidine residues to Ag⁺, peptidoglycan membrane barrier, and biofilm barrier.

Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PDT, photodynamic therapy.