LiPA strips 1 to 4 show the development of resistant HBV in a renal transplant patient during lamivudine therapy. Samples were taken at the beginning of therapy (strip 1), after 3 and 6 months (strips 2 and 3), and after 9 months, when a resistant strain was detectable (strip 4). LiPA strips 5 and 6 show the results of patients D and E, respectively. LiPA strip 7 shows the results found by testing an HBV DNA standard with a low copy number (103 copies/ml). Conj., conjugate; amp., amplification.