TABLE 1.

Differential metabolites response to ZrO₂ NPs exposure

Mode	Comparison	All	Up	Down
Pos	B/A	5142	96	129
Neg	B/A	4964	91	326
Pos	D/C	5142	33	174
Neg	D/C	4964	37	302

Note: All, all high‐quality features; up, upregulated; down, downregulated; mode, the mode in which the mass spectrometer detects the substance, including positive ion mode (Pos) and negative ion mode (Neg). A: Group A, MC3T3‐E1 cells with mock treatment for 24 h. B: Group B, MC3T3‐E1 with 100 μg/ml ZrO₂ NPs for 24 h. C: Group C, MC3T3‐E1 cells with mock treatment for 48 h. D: Group D MC3T3‐E1 with 100 μg/ml ZrO₂ NPs for 48 h as group D.

Abbreviation: ZrO₂ NPs, zirconium oxide nanoparticles.