Table 3.
Results of estimation of multinomial Probit model of betting behaviour. Average marginal effects on each betting behaviour are presented
| Variables | Possible Outcomes (Betting Behaviour) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Bettor | Non-Sports Bettors | Sports Bettors | Sports and Non-Sports Bettors |
|
| Female | 0.053*** | 0.105*** | − 0.097*** | − 0.061*** |
| (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
| Age | 0.000 | 0.007*** | − 0.005*** | − 0.002*** |
| (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
| Regional | − 0.014 | 0.022** | − 0.007 | − 0.001 |
| (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Defacto (live together) | − 0.027* | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
| Defacto (live apart) | − 0.042* | 0.022 | − 0.003 | 0.023 |
| (0.023) | (0.025) | (0.017) | (0.018) | |
| Married/Civil Union | 0.028** | 0.009 | − 0.018* | − 0.019* |
| (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
| Separated/Divorced | − 0.015 | 0.019 | − 0.013 | 0.009 |
| (0.021) | (0.020) | (0.017) | (0.017) | |
| Widowed | 0.062* | − 0.007 | − 0.082*** | 0.027 |
| (0.032) | (0.029) | (0.023) | (0.028) | |
| Parent | − 0.003 | 0.004 | − 0.000 | − 0.002 |
| (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
| Highest Education | ||||
| Completed High School | − 0.012 | − 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.018 |
| (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.012) | (0.012) | |
| TAFE or Trade Certificate | 0.001 | 0.018 | − 0.013 | − 0.006 |
| (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
| University | 0.087*** | − 0.022* | − 0.026** | − 0.040*** |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
| Employment (base – Self Employed) | ||||
| Employed (wage/salary) | − 0.006 | 0.020* | − 0.008 | − 0.007 |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
| Unemployed | 0.030 | − 0.010 | − 0.046** | 0.025 |
| (0.029) | (0.028) | (0.019) | (0.023) | |
| Home Duties | 0.051 | 0.057* | − 0.035 | − 0.073*** |
| (0.036) | (0.034) | (0.026) | (0.022) | |
| Student | 0.136*** | − 0.048 | − 0.056*** | − 0.032 |
| (0.035) | (0.035) | (0.019) | (0.022) | |
| Retired | 0.054*** | 0.004 | − 0.036*** | − 0.021 |
| (0.017) | (0.016) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
| Unable to Work | 0.118*** | − 0.082** | − 0.014 | − 0.022 |
| (0.044) | (0.037) | (0.033) | (0.030) | |
| Income (base—less than $10,000) | ||||
| $10 k–less than $20 k | − 0.072 | 0.025 | − 0.013 | 0.059* |
| (0.052) | (0.048) | (0.033) | (0.034) | |
| $20 k–less than $30 k | − 0.088* | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.046 |
| (0.046) | (0.043) | (0.030) | (0.029) | |
| $30 k–less than $40 k | − 0.153*** | 0.081* | 0.036 | 0.035 |
| (0.045) | (0.043) | (0.030) | (0.028) | |
| $40 k–less than $50 k | − 0.131*** | 0.073* | 0.026 | 0.032 |
| (0.044) | (0.042) | (0.029) | (0.027) | |
| $50 k–less than $60 k | − 0.122*** | 0.055 | 0.036 | 0.032 |
| (0.043) | (0.041) | (0.028) | (0.026) | |
| $60 k–less than $80 k | − 0.148*** | 0.054 | 0.034 | 0.061** |
| (0.042) | (0.039) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| $80 k–less than $100 k | − 0.150*** | 0.060 | 0.033 | 0.058** |
| (0.042) | (0.039) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| $100 k–less than $125 k | − 0.146*** | 0.049 | 0.045* | 0.052** |
| (0.042) | (0.039) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| $125 k–less than $150 k | − 0.155*** | 0.066* | 0.034 | 0.055** |
| (0.042) | (0.040) | (0.027) | (0.025) | |
| $150 k–less than $200 k | − 0.173*** | 0.063 | 0.044* | 0.066*** |
| (0.042) | (0.039) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| $200 k or more | − 0.184*** | 0.051 | 0.057** | 0.076*** |
| (0.042) | (0.039) | (0.027) | (0.025) | |
| Prefer not to say | − 0.119*** | 0.065* | 0.029 | 0.025 |
| (0.041) | (0.038) | (0.025) | (0.024) | |
| Country of birth (base—Australia) | ||||
| UK or New Zealand | 0.010 | − 0.040** | 0.019 | 0.011 |
| (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
| Other | 0.133*** | − 0.116*** | − 0.003 | − 0.014 |
| (0.047) | (0.039) | (0.035) | (0.035) | |
| Parents’ Country of birth (base—both Australia) | ||||
| One in Australia | 0.007 | 0.003 | − 0.013 | 0.003 |
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
| Both Overseas | 0.027** | 0.006 | − 0.006 | − 0.027*** |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.008) | |
| ATSI | 0.021 | − 0.009 | − 0.003 | − 0.008 |
| (0.044) | (0.043) | (0.030) | (0.030) | |
| Disability or Health Issue | − 0.005 | 0.008 | − 0.004 | 0.002 |
| (> 6 months) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.010) |
Model includes linear, second and third order age terms. All age terms interacted with gender indicator. Standard errors in parentheses. Level of statistical significance denoted by * (10%), ** (5%) and *** (1%). Sample size N = 14,813