Table 5.
Selected results of general attitudes about gambling and sports betting with focus on type of gambling behaviour included as explanatory variables
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of gambling (base category is no betting) | |||||
| Non-sports betting | − 0.195*** | − 0.166*** | − 0.164*** | − 0.101*** | 0.069*** |
| (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.020) | (0.019) | |
| Sports betting | − 0.712*** | − 0.530*** | − 0.437*** | − 0.318*** | 0.269*** |
| (0.024) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| Sports and non-sports betting | − 0.718*** | − 0.536*** | − 0.506*** | − 0.370*** | 0.299*** |
| (0.024) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
| Female | 0.073*** | − 0.001 | 0.048*** | − 0.072*** | − 0.133*** |
| (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.018) | |
| Age | 0.006*** | − 0.003*** | − 0.001 | − 0.000 | 0.001 |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Regional | − 0.031* | − 0.069*** | − 0.049*** | − 0.096*** | 0.040** |
| (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.019) | |
| Highest education (base category—less than high school) | |||||
| Completed high school | 0.029 | 0.008 | − 0.014 | − 0.022 | − 0.036 |
| (0.030) | (0.031) | (0.031) | (0.031) | (0.031) | |
| TAFE or trade certificate | 0.114*** | 0.077*** | 0.068** | 0.067** | − 0.097*** |
| (0.028) | (0.028) | (0.028) | (0.029) | (0.029) | |
| University | 0.188*** | 0.148*** | 0.128*** | 0.163*** | − 0.203*** |
| (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.027) | (0.026) | |
| Observations | 14,813 | 14,813 | 14,813 | 14,813 | 14,813 |
| R-squared | 0.121 | 0.057 | 0.047 | 0.032 | 0.033 |
|
LR test of age gender interaction (p value) |
0.341 | 0.132 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.277 |
Dependant variable modelled in each column is response to the respectively labelled statement below. Responses to each question are standardised to have a mean of zero and standard deviation of one. Age is included as a third order polynomial with average marginal effects presented. P value of likelihood ratio (LR) test of interaction between age and gender presented in last row with interaction included if p value < 0.05. Standard errors in parentheses. Level of statistical significance denoted by *(10%), **(5%) and ***(1%). All models also include controls for marital status, being a parent, employment status, income bands, country of birth, parent’s country of birth, ATSI and health condition or disability over past 6 months – full results available in Supplementary Materials
(1): Sports betting should not be part of experiencing sport
(2): People who bet regularly on sport are at risk of harm from gambling
(3): Sports betting can place people at higher risk of relationship problems, mental health and wellbeing issues and money worries
(4): Regular discussion of the ‘odds’ when talking about sport can lead to gambling problems in individuals
(5): It’s easy for people with sports betting issues to stop gambling