Table 2.
Clinical features, treatment and outcome of COVID-19 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis cases.
| Case no | Onset type (Concurrent or Sequential) | Time (in days) between COVID-19 † and Mucormycosis | Presenting Symptoms | Cranial nerves involved | Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus debridement (Yes/No) | Palatal Resection/ Maxillectomy (Yes/No) | Orbital Exentration (Yes/No) | Craniotomy (Yes/No) | Drugs | Classification | Vision Salvage (Yes/No) | Eye Salvage(Yes/No) | Life Salvage (Yes/No) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Concurrent | 0 | Headache; vision loss purulent discharge from nose | II | Y | Y/N | N | Craniotomy with abscess drainage | LAmB‡, ISZ§ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 2 | Sequential | 30 | Nasal crusting and block | None | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡, POS¶, ISZ§ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 3 | Sequential | 14 | Nasal crusting and block | None | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 4 | Concurrent | 0 | Right-sided Headache; Nasal crusting, vision loss in right eye | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | Y | N | LAmB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | N | N | Y |
| 5 | Sequential | 14 | Headache; Left eye Swelling & vision loss; Ptosis; Altered sensorium | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | Y/Y | Y | N | ISZ§ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 6 | Sequential | 14 | Left-sided vision loss and facial numbness; Altered sensorium | II,III,IV,V,VI | N | N/N | N | N | ISZ§ | Probable | N | N | N |
| 7 | Sequential | 3 | Right-sided facial and eye swelling and decreased vision; left hemiparesis | II,III,IV,V | Y | Y/Y | N | N | LAmB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | N | Y | Y |
| 8 | Sequential | 20 | Left-sided ocular pain, swelling & vision loss | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | Y/N | Y | N | LAmB‡ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 9 | Sequential | 13 | Headache, left-sided ocular pain, swelling and vision loss | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | Y/N | Y | N | LAmB‡, ISZ§ | Confirmed | N | N | Y |
| 10 | Sequential | 16 | Right-sided ocular pain, swelling and vision loss; left Hemiparesis; altered sensorium | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | Y/Y | Y | N | ISZ§, POS¶ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 11 | Sequential | 14 | Headache; bilateral nasal block | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | N | Bilateral frontal craniotomy | LAmB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 12 | Sequential | 13 | Headache; left-sided ocular pain, swelling and vision loss | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | Y | N | POS¶ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 13 | Sequential | 14 | Headache; left-sided ocular pain swelling, vision loss and ptosis; right hemiparesis | II,III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/Y | Y | Left Decompressive craniotomy | LAmB‡ | Confirmed | N | N | Y |
| 14 | Sequential | 8 | Headache; left-sided facial pain | V | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 15 | Sequential | 27 | Altered sensorium | CNBT†† | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 16 | Sequential | 15 | Headache; nasal crusting and diplopia | II,III,IV | Y | Y/Y | N | N | LAmB‡ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 17 | Sequential | 7 | Headache; right-sided vision loss | II,III,IV,VI | Y | Y/N | Y | N | LAmB‡, ISZ§ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 18 | Sequential | 10 | Left-sided facial pain; nose block | CNBT†† | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡, ISZ§ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 19 | Sequential | 14 | Left-sided periorbital pain and facial numbness | V | Y | N/N | N | N | ISZ§ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 20 | Sequential | 16 | Left-sided periorbital pain and nose block | None | Y | N/N | N | N | POS¶ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 21 | Sequential | 12 | Headache, bilateral eye swelling, ptosis and vision loss | II,III,IV,V,VI (Bilateral) | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡, ISZ§ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 22 | Sequential | 27 | Headache; left-sided nose block and double vision | III,V | Y | N/N | N | N | LAmB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 23 | Sequential | 14 | Headache, Left sided vision loss | II, III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | Y | N | LamB‡ | Confirmed | N | N | Y |
| 24 | Sequential | 22 | Headache, Right Frontal Nose block, Bilateral | None | Y | N/N | N | Y with abscess drainage | LamB‡ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 25 | Sequential | 20 | Bilateral frontal headache | None | Y | N/N | N | Y(Bilateral frontal craniotomy) | LamB‡ | Confirmed | N | N | N |
| 26 | Sequential | 28 | Facial Deviation to the right, Difficulty in swallowing | VII.IX,X,XII | Y | N/N | N | N | LamB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | Y | Y | Y |
| 27 | Sequential | 16 | Headache and left eye vision loss | II, III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | Y | N | LamB‡, POS¶ | Confirmed | N | N | Y |
| 28 | Sequential | 19 | Headache right frontal,right eye vision loss | II, III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | Y | N | LamB‡, | Confirmed | N | N | Y |
| 29 | Concurrent | 0 | Headache, Bilateral vision loss | II,III,IV,V,VI (Bilateral) | Y | N/N | N | N | LamB‡,POS¶ | Confirmed | N | Y | Y |
| 30 | Sequential | 13 | Headache, Left side vision loss | II, III,IV,V,VI | Y | N/N | N | N | LamB‡ | Confirmed | N | Y | Y |
| 31 | Sequential | 25 | Altered sensorium | CNBT†† | N | N/N | N | N | ISZ§, LamB‡ | Probable | N | N | N |
†COVID-19: Corona virus disease 2019; ‡ LAmB: Liposomal Amphotericin; § ISZ: Isuvaconazole; ¶ POS: Posaconazole; †† CNBT: Could not be tested.