Table 1.
Concentration data of frequently detected antibiotics in different environmental compartments during 2011–2021
| Antibiotics | Aquatic environment (ng/L) |
Solid matrices (ng/g dry matter) |
Location | Refer-ence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influent of WWTPs | Effluent of WWTPs | Surface water (river/estuarine) | Groundwater | Seawater (harbor) | Sediment | Sewage sludge | |||
| β-lactams | |||||||||
| Amoxicillin | 2,935–6,516 (3,746) | ND-1,129 | Singapore | [11] | |||||
| ND-190 (20) | 5–21 (17) | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | ||||||
| 200–4,600 | 900–1,600 | ND-300 | ND-43.8 | Kenyan | [15] | ||||
| Macrolides | |||||||||
| Erythromycin | 0.4–6.9 (3.9) | 1.5–24.6 (10.2) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | |||||
| 610 | 160 | ND-240 | ND | ND | Msunduzi River (South Africa) | [29] | |||
| 111.4–403.3 (272.5) | 89.8–112 (98.2) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-1,492 (395) | 1–913 (293) | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | ||||||
| 3–470 (118) | ND-350 (129) | ND-100 (56) | Sweden | [55] | |||||
| 32.3–2,910 (973) | ND-28.9 (5.63) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| 2.50–8.16 | ND-17.66 | 1.16–6.88 | North Carolina (United States) | [49] | |||||
| Roxithromycin | ND-227 (37.9) | ND-1.5 (0.38) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 25.2–65.2 | 7.82–58.0 | ND-80 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| 0.2–2.2 (0.9) | 0.3–4.1 (1.9) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| ND-173 (38.37) | ND-3.18 (0.088) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-1.75 (0.44) | ND | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| Azithromycin | ND-88.0 (22.3) | ND-1.2 (0.14) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 1,537–2,951 (1,949) | 367.3–980 (469.5) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| 221–2,819 | ND-43.2 | Leça River (Portugal) | [17] | ||||||
| Clarithromycin | ND-32.9 (5.0) | ND-0.82 (0.19) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 30.8–126 | 5.16–86 | ND-69.5 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| 1,201–1,854 (1,497) | 387.3–637.1 (531.7) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-32.1 (8.34) | ND-1.11 (0.02) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-2.19 (0.26) | ND | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| 76.6–269 | ND | Leça River (Portugal) | [17] | ||||||
| Fluoroquinolones | |||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | ND-346 (101) | ND-66 (31) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 15.6–90.3 | 5.64–9.06 | 296–714 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| 2,241–6,453 (3,496) | 321.3–524.1 (495.5) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| 89–3,403 (817) | 5–1,523 (288) | 569 ± 418 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| 83–1,406 (391) | ND-62 (38) | 1,600–11,000 (4,625) | Sweden | [55] | |||||
| 4.46–96.0 (25.14) | 0.476–26.3 (6.23) | Jianghan Plain (central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.94 (0.34) | 0.28–8.43 (1.24) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| ND-3,000 | 300–2,600 | ND-1,300 | ND-47.4 | Kenyan | [15] | ||||
| ND-339 | ND | Leça River (Portugal) | [17] | ||||||
| Ofloxacin | ND-45.4 (9.9) | ND-6.5 (0.24) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 30.3–1,010 | 47.4–179 | 1,500–5,800 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| ND-28.5 (6.5) | ND-12.4 (4.1) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| 805–8,637 (4,312) | 100–2,888 (1,209) | 498 ± 261 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| ND-45.3 (9.03) | ND-7.2 (0.47) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.82 (0.32) | 0.29–84.17 (44.27) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| ND-120 | ND | Leça River (Portugal) | [17] | ||||||
| Norfloxacin | ND-572 (118) | 7.5–103 (40) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 42.4–974 | 36.7–61 | 1,820–5,610 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| 97–9,347 (1,542) | 14–1,261 (289) | 225 ± 70 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| 9.57–277 (65.87) | 1.19–142 (23.75) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.83 (0.32) | 0.15–0.83 (0.4) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| 900–2,800 | 500–2,900 | ND-2,200 | ND-26.6 | Kenyan | [15] | ||||
| Enrofloxacin | ND-24.6 (10.6) | ND-7.6 (1.8) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| ND-14.6 (2.8) | ND-8.9 (3.2) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| ND-636 (57) | ND | 11 ± 4.1 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| ND-136 (35.56) | ND-30.3 (7.20) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.89 (0.4) | 0.31–0.95 (0.58) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| Enoxacin | ND-508 (116) | ND-209 (62) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| ND-1,634 (169) | ND-1,310 (134) | 31 ± 18 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| Lomefloxacin | 3.22–25.5 | ND-8.59 | 25.1–440 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| ND-16 (3) | 3.6–6.7 (5.5) | 5.3 ± 4.9 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| ND-36.4 (9.98) | ND-10.7 (2.11) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| Tetracyclines | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | 40.1–316 | 7.73–35.1 | 353–1,650 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| ND-54.3 (4.2) | ND-21.7 (3.5) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| 1,240–12,340 (3,604) | 691.2–1,536 (766.4) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-238 (47) | ND-68 (16) | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | ||||||
| ND-122 (36.25) | ND-38.9 (4.78) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| Chlortetracycline | 7.46–35.7 | ND | 34.6–455 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| ND-46.7 (3.6) | ND-6.3 (2.4) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| 2,333–15,911 (6,434) | 1,472–1,986 (1,757) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| 12.3–109 (33) | 0.71–59.6 (6.16) | Jianghan Plain, (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.95 (0.55) | ND-0.95 (0.39) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| Oxytetracycline | 79.1–560 | 10.8–17.6 | 417–1,680 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| ND-219.8 (78.3) | 0.6–18.6 (6.9) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| 1,629–30,049 (4,887) | 839.8–2,014 (1,469) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-63.1(24.79) | ND-24.3 (3.18) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.97 (0.37) | 0.16–0.93 (0.41) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| Doxycycline | ND-23.0 | ND | 103–232 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| ND-112.3 (11.3) | ND-21.3 (7.0) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| ND-2,700 | 400–1,500 | ND-700 | ND-32.2 | Kenyan | [15] | ||||
| Minocycline | 730.9–3,808 (1,233) | ND | Singapore | [11] | |||||
| Sulfonamides | |||||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 0.36–527 (62.8) | 1.5–82 (19) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 216–239 | 65.2–106 | ND-10.0 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| 2.2–764.9 (259.6) | 0.05–0.6 (0.2) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| 34,500 | ND | ND-5,320 | ND | ND | Msunduzi River (South Africa) | [29] | |||
| 893.4–1,389 (1,172) | 301.5–463.4 (311.3) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| 407–12,848 (3,375) | 41–3,066 (1,119) | 7.2 ± 2.1 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| 1.92–30.2 (13.67) | ND-7.29 (1.01) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| 374.3–1,309.5 (842.4) | 15–218 (130) | 47.8–251.4 (106) | Bolivia | [47] | |||||
| 0.43–7.95 (3.84) | 0.14–2.04 (1.39) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| 5.97–14.54 | 1.01–54.04 | 2.77–6.89 | North Carolina (United States) | [49] | |||||
| Sulfadiazine | ND-18.7 (1.7) | ND-0.43 (0.02) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 15.2–40.1 | 1.14–9.67 | ND | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| 4.9–112.5 (53.6) | 0.07–0.71 (0.4) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| ND-16.7 (5.16) | ND-2.87 (0.55) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| ND-0.46 (0.23) | ND-0.57 (0.1) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| Sulfamethazine | 12.8–131 | 7.3–23.3 | ND-3.83 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| 19.9–389.4 (188.9) | 0.2–2.7 (1.2) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| ND | ND | ND-1,090 | ND | ND | Msunduzi River (South Africa) | [29] | |||
| 449.9–1,814 (802.8) | 73–260.8 (135.9) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-27.3 (5.36) | ND-15.9 (0.50) | Jianghan Plain (Central China) | [48] | ||||||
| 0.24–0.79 (0.48) | ND-0.27 (0.16) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| Sulfapyridine | 29.8–121 | 7.08–24.1 | ND-2.31 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| ND-103.1 (24.1) | ND-6.6 (1.7) | Huangpu river (China) | [21] | ||||||
| Diaminopyrimidines | |||||||||
| Trimethoprim | ND-13,600 (1,133) | 1.3–330 (53) | Bohai Sea (North China) | [44] | |||||
| 72.3–162 | 31.1–64 | 3.57–10.7 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | |||||
| ND | ND | ND-290 | ND- 87.55 | ND | Msunduzi River (South Africa) | [29] | |||
| 197.6–251.2 (235.5) | 124.9–178.6 (151.6) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-5,316 (1,568) | 1–1,573 (442) | 52 ± 27 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| 51–340 (115) | 10–130 (61) | ND-58 (42) | Sweden | [55] | |||||
| 271–336.5 (304) | 46–312 (159) | 108–200.2 (154.2) | Bolivia | [47] | |||||
| 0.24–0.96 (0.73) | ND-0.99 (0.23) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| 100–5,600 | 100–500 | ND-200 | ND-13.3 | Kenyan | [15] | ||||
| ND-110 | ND | Leça River (Portugal) | [17] | ||||||
| Degradation products | |||||||||
| AMX penilloic acid | 150 | 30 | Israel | [133] | |||||
| AMX 2ʹ,5ʹ- diketopiperazine | 500 | Israel | |||||||
| Erythromycin -H2O |
771–942 | 83.9–695 | 29.3–147 | Guangdong (South China) | [16] | ||||
| 299.3–737 (652.1) | 194.5–381 (272.6) | Singapore | [11] | ||||||
| ND-30 (4.67) | ND-6.78 (1.2) | Yangtze River (China) | [54] | ||||||
| D-ciprofloxacin | ND-127 (27) | 7–71 (16) | 22 ± 11 | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | ||||
| 4-epidemeclocycline | 17–1,159 | Canada | [20] | ||||||
| Isochlortetracycline | 192–3,256 | Canada | |||||||
| N-acetyl SMX | 18–1,245 (410) | 4–406 (124) | Charmoise river (France) | [19] | |||||
| ND-290.3 | ND | Bolivia | [47] | ||||||
| SMX-N1-glucuronide | ND-233.7 | ND | Bolivia | ||||||
Note: WWTPs: wastewater treatment plants; max: maximum concentration; med: median concentration; A-B (C): range (mean/median); (A ± B): (mean±SD); ND: no detected or below detection limit; AMX: amoxicillin; SMX: sulfamethoxazole; D-ciprofloxacin: desethylene ciprofloxacin