Table 1.
Mitigation of Cl2 and Br2 injury in animals by various classes of compounds
| Target Pathway(s)/Agents | Reference No. | Species | Halogen | Variables Affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidants | ||||
| N-acetylcysteine | (93) | Isolated perfused lungs; rats | Cl2 | Cytokines, airway contraction. permeability |
| Dimethylthiourea | (92) | Mice | Cl2 | Permeability. lipid peroxidation |
| AEOL 10150 | (63) | Mice | Cl2 | Airway hyperreactivity. Permeability. inflammatory cells |
| Ascorbic acid plus deferoxamine | (41, 59) | Mice | Cl2 | Survival, permeability. airway hyperplasia. inflammatory cells |
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||
| Corticosteroids | (95) | Pigs | Cl2 | Airway pressures. arterial blood gases. lung wet/dry weights |
| cAMP modulation | ||||
| Forskolin | (96) | Mice | Cl2 | Na+ channel activation |
| Rolipram | (50) | Mice | Cl2 | Pulmonary edema, airway hyperreactivity |
| β2-Agonists | (57) | Mice | Cl2 | Airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, cytokines |
| NO modulation | ||||
| Nitrite | (42, 80, 97) | Rats, mice, rabbits | Cl2 | Permeability, inflammation, survival, inflammatory cell accumulation, airway reactivity, vessel dilation |
| Heme and coagulation | ||||
| Aerosolized heparin | (44) | Mice | Cl2 | Coagulation, permeability, inflammatory cells |
| Hemopexin | (68, 74) | Mice | Cl2 and Br2 | Permeability, inflammatory cells, airway hyperreactivity, survival, Na+ channels, wet/dry weights, pulmonary emphysema, fibrosis |
| TRP ion channels | ||||
| TRPV4 inhibitors | Mice | Cl2, HCl | Pulmonary edema, oxygen saturation, inflammatory cells, cytokines, permeability | |
| SERCA activators | ||||
| Ranolazine | (98) | Rats, cardiomyocytes | Cl2 | Prevented cardiomyocyte death in rats, prevented mitochondrial injury in cells |
| Hyaluronan | ||||
| Yabro | (58, 99) | Mice, human cells | Cl2 and Br2 | Airway hyperreactivity, permeability, inflammatory cells, membrane potential, RhoA, calcium sensor |
| Type 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors | ||||
| Tadalafil | (5, 55) | Pregnant mice | Br2 | Increased survival, fetal growth, systemic blood pressure, inflammation, decreased placental injury |
| VEGF | ||||
| VEGF-121 | (83) | Pregnant mice | Br2 | Lung permeability, lung wet/dry weights, survival, decreased placental injury, fetal growth development |
NO, nitric oxide; TRP, transient receptor potential; SERCA, sarcoendoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase.