Table 3.
Univariate analysis of risk factors for the presence of significant symptoms of depression during and after lockdown.
| During |
After |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HADS depression >7 | OR | 95% confidence interval | P | HADS depression >7 | OR | 95% confidence interval | P | |
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 11 (13.9) | 1 | 9 (11.4) | 1 | ||||
| Women | 20 (30.3) | 2.6 | 1.1–6.13 | 0.017 | 13 (19.7) | 1.9 | 0.75–4.7 | 0.165 |
| Age | ||||||||
| <40 years | 10 (14.9) | 1 | 8 (9) | 1 | ||||
| ≥40 years | 21 (26.9) | 2.1 | 0.9–4.8 | 0.079 | 16 (20.5) | 2.6 | 0.96–7.1 | 0.053 |
| Disease type | ||||||||
| CD | 19 (26.4) | 1.8 | 0.81–4.1 | 0.144 | 15 (20.8) | 2.4 | 0.9–6.5 | 0.059 |
| UC | 12 (16.4) | 1 | 7 (9.6) | 1 | ||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| <30 | 25 (20) | 1 | 19 (15.2) | 1 | ||||
| ≥30 | 6 (30) | 1.7 | 0.59–4.9 | 0.377 | 3 (15) | 0.98 | 0.26–3.6 | 1 |
| Current smoker | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 (18.2) | 0.79 | 0.24–2.5 | 0.786 | 1 (4.5) | 0.23 | 0.02–1.8 | 0.189 |
| No | 27 (22) | 1 | 21 (17.1) | 1 | ||||
| Regular alcohol use | ||||||||
| Yes | 10 (25.6) | 1.3 | 0.58–3.3 | 0.448 | 9 (23.1) | 2.1 | 0.83–5.5 | 0.108 |
| No | 21 (19.8) | 1 | 13 (12.3) | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married/partner | 20 (18.7) | 1 | 18 (16.8) | 1 | ||||
| Divorced/single/widowed | 11 (28.9) | 1.7 | 0.75–4.1 | 0.185 | 4 (10.5) | 0.58 | 0.18–1.8 | 0.353 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Low level | 24 (24.7) | 1.9 | 0.76–4.8 | 0.160 | 18 (18.6) | 2.5 | 0.79–7.8 | 0.106 |
| High level | 7 (14.6) | 1 | 4 (8.3) | 1 | ||||
| Active employee | ||||||||
| Yes | 8 (15.4) | 0.55 | 0.22–1.3 | 0.188 | 7 (9.9) | 0.43 | 0.16–1.1 | 0.081 |
| No | 23 (24.7) | 1 | 15 (20.3) | 1 | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Yes | 22 (31.9) | 3.4 | 1.4–8.2 | 0.003 | 14 (20.3) | 2.1 | 0.84–5.5 | 0.102 |
| No | 9 (11.8) | 1 | 8 (10.5) | 1 | ||||
| Previous history of MAD | ||||||||
| Yes | 8 (53.3) | 5.3 | 1.7–16.1 | 0.004 | 7 (46.7) | 6.7 | 2.1–21.1 | 0.002 |
| No | 23 (17.7) | 1 | 15 (11.5) | 1 | ||||
| Active IBD | ||||||||
| Yes | 14 (48.3) | 5.4 | 2.2–13.2 | <0.001 | 11 (61.1) | 16.5 | 5.3–51.3 | <0.001 |
| No | 17 (14.7) | 1 | 11 (8.7) | |||||
| EIM | ||||||||
| Yes | 6 (26.1) | 1.3 | 0.48–3.8 | 0.582 | 5 (21.7) | 1.7 | 0.56–5.2 | 0.348 |
| No | 25 (20.5) | 1 | 17 (13.9) | |||||
| IBD-related surgical history | ||||||||
| Yes | 3 (30) | 1.6 | 0.39–6.7 | 0.446 | 3 (30) | 2.6 | 0.62–11 | 0.178 |
| No | 28 (20.7) | 1 | 19 (14.1) | |||||
| Use of mesalazine | ||||||||
| Yes | 16 (18.6) | 0.67 | 0.3–1.4 | 0.325 | 11 (12.8) | 0.64 | 0.25–1.5 | 0.334 |
| No | 15 (25.4) | 1 | 11 (18.6) | 1 | ||||
| Use of steroids | ||||||||
| Yes | 2 (28.6) | 1.5 | 0.27–8.1 | 0.642 | 7 (58.3) | 11 | 3.1–39.1 | <0.001 |
| No | 9 (21.0) | 1 | 15 (11.3) | 1 | ||||
| Use of immunosuppressants | ||||||||
| Yes | 9 (27.3) | 1.5 | 0.62–3.7 | 0.347 | 5 (15.6) | 1.04 | 0.35–3 | 1 |
| No | 22 (19.6) | 1 | 17 (15) | 1 | ||||
| Use of biologics | ||||||||
| Yes | 14 (31.8) | 2.3 | 1.01–5.2 | 0.043 | 10 (21.7) | 2 | 0.79–5 | 0.133 |
| No | 17 (16.8) | 1 | 12 (12.1) | 1 | ||||
| Cohabitants during lockdown | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 18 (32.7) | 2.8 | 1.2–6.5 | 0.009 | 14 (25.5) | 3.5 | 1.3–9 | 0.007 |
| ≥2 | 13 (14.4) | 1 | 8 (8.9) | |||||
CD, Crohn's disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; BMI, body mass index; MAD, mood and/or anxiety disorders; EIM, extra-intestinal manifestations.