Skip to main content
. 2022 Jan 19;4(1):fcab295. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab295

Figure 4.

Figure 4

COVID group showed a mild episodic memory deficit compared with age-matched controls. (A) The distribution of the short-term memory, measured as the correct percent in the memory test immediately after viewing the sequence of objects, is plotted as a violin for COVID (n = 36), Control (n = 44) and Elderly Control (n = 52, all above 50 years old, data collected separately). Group comparison performed by t-test. There were no statistical differences between groups in the short-term memory [COVID versus Control: t(78) = −0.02, P = 1.0, BF = 4.3; Control versus Elderly Control: t(94) = −0.4, P = 0.7, BF = 4.4; COVID versus Elderly Control: t(86) = −0.5, P = 0.6, BF = 4.0]. (B) Approximately 30 min later, their memory was tested again. COVID and Elderly controls showed significantly larger memory decrements than the younger controls [COVID versus Control: t(78) = −3.0, P = 0.004, BF = 10.7; Control versus Elderly Control: t(94) = 2.8, P = 0.007, BF = 6.0; COVID versus Elderly Control: t(86) = −1.4, P = 0.2, BF = 1.9]. (C) In COVID-19 survivors who contracted COVID-19 within 1 year, the size of memory decrement was positively correlated with the time from COVID-19 diagnosis. Both Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients and their two-tailed P-values are shown above the plot. (D) Participants who had COVID-19 within the last 6 months showed significantly larger memory decrement than the age-matched controls. The number of participants for each bin was labelled above each bar. Each grey dot represents individual data and the error bar indicates 1 SE. Group comparison performed by permutation test (with 10 000 iterations). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, m (months).