Table 1.
Self-reported participant demographics and questionnaire-derived measures
| Measure | All (n = 136) | COVID (n = 53) | Control (n = 83) | Statistic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean years (SD) | 28.6 (9.7) | 28.0 (8.6) | 29.0 (10.3) | t(134) = −0.6, P = 0.5, BF = 4.4 | ||
| Gender, female (%) | 54 (39.7) | 23 (43.4) | 31 (37.3) | χ 2(1,N = 54) = 0.5, P = 0.5 | ||
| COVID-19 | Time from COVID-19 diagnosis, mean days (SD) | 163.0 (128.1) | ||||
| COVID-19 test type: PCR/lateral flow/unknown/not tested | 40/4/2/7 | |||||
| Stayed at hospital overnight for COVID-19 treatment, yes (%) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
| Stayed at ICU for COVID-19 treatment, yes (%) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
| Questionnaires | NFI | Physical fatigue (SD) | 8.9 (4.7) | 8.4 (4.4) | 9.2 (4.9) | t(134) = −1.0, P = 0.3, BF = 3.4 |
| Cognitive fatigue (SD) | 4.2 (2.8) | 4.0 (2.8) | 4.4 (2.8) | t(134) = −0.7, P = 0.5, BF = 4.1 | ||
| Sleep relief (SD) | 7.8 (3.4) | 7.7 (3.3) | 7.8 (3.5) | t(134) = −0.1, P = 0.9, BF = 5.3 | ||
| Sleep abnormality (SD) | 6.9 (2.8) | 7.2 (2.9) | 6.7 (2.7) | t(134) = 0.9, P = 0.4, BF = 3.8 | ||
| CFQ | Forgetfulness (SD) | 12.7 (5.0) | 13.0 (4.8) | 12.4 (5.2) | t(86) = 0.6, P = 0.5, BF = 4.4 | |
| False triggering (SD) | 8.8 (4.7) | 9.3 (4.7) | 8.3 (4.7) | t(86) = 1.0, P = 0.3, BF = 3.3 | ||
| Distractibility (SD) | 12.3 (4.5) | 12.4 (4.2) | 12.2 (4.9) | t(86) = 0.1, P = 0.9, BF = 5.3 | ||
| BFI-S | Conscientiousness (SD) | 10.5 (2.5) | 10.4 (2.3) | 10.7 (2.7) | t(77) = −0.6, P = 0.6, BF = 4.6 | |
| GRIT-S | Grit scale (SD) | 3.2 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.8) | t(77) = −0.9, P = 0.4, BF = 3.7 | |
| AMI | Behavioural apathy (SD) | 10.3 (4.4) | 10.9 (4.5) | 9.8 (4.2) | t(77) = 1.1, P = 0.3, BF = 3.0 | |
| Social apathy (SD) | 12.9 (5.0) | 12.5 (5.4) | 13.4 (4.4) | t(77) = −0.8, P = 0.4, BF = 4.1 | ||
| Emotional apathy (SD) | 8.0 (4.2) | 8.6 (4.4) | 7.3 (3.9) | t(77) = 1.4, P = 0.2, BF = 2.2 | ||
| HADS | Depression (SD) | 5.4 (3.6) | 5.4 (3.9) | 5.4 (3.3) | t(77) = 0.0, P = 1.0, BF = 5.3 | |
| Anxiety (SD) | 8.2 (3.8) | 8.0 (4.0) | 8.3 (3.7) | t(77) = −0.4, P = 0.7, BF = 4.9 | ||
T- and χ2-tests were used to assess between-group differences, with Bayes Factor (BF) reported. The questionnaires included are Neurological Fatigue Index (NFI), Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Short Big Five Inventory (BFI-S), Short Grit Scale (GRIT-S), AMI and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). For all the questionnaire-derived indices, the mean score is shown with 1SD in the bracket.