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. 2021 Jan 26;66(2):345–356. doi: 10.1007/s00484-021-02074-4

Table 3.

Mean and standard deviation (sd) of surface temperatures collected in the morning (a) and afternoon (b) during the field campaign between June 6 and July 27, 2018 (N = 1003); percent of values above 1-min and 5-s skin burn threshold; mean values for sun and shade and mean difference for measured materials

Type of material/object Metal bench (powder-coated metal) Concrete Dirt/gravel Asphalt Grass
(a) Morning
  All locations mean (sd), [°C] 34.4 (0.5) 35.3 (0.4) 34.9 (0.6) 39.6 (1.7) 31.9 (0.8)
  Sun locations mean (sd), [°C] 37.9 (1.1) 38.3 (4.5) 39.4 (0.8) 39.6 (1.7) 34.9 (1.3)
  Shade locations mean (sd), [°C] 33.0 (0.3) 32.9 (0.3) 31.1 (0.4) N/A 29.2 (0.8)
  Sun-Shade difference, [°C] 4.9 5.4 8.3 N/A 5.7
  Values above 1-min skin burn, [%] 0 0 0 0 N/A
  Values above 5-s skin burn, [%] 0 0 0 0 N/A
(b) Afternoon
  All locations mean (sd), [°C] 42.2 (0.4) 47.8 (0.6) 51.3 (0.7) 59.8 (0.8) 43.1 (1.2)
  Sun locations mean (sd), [°C] 47.7 (1.0) 57.4 (0.5) 60.4 (0.7) 59.8 (0.8) 50.1 (1.6)
  Shade locations mean (sd), [°C] 40.4 (2.5) 41.3 (0.5) 44.3 (0.6) N/A 36.0 (0.7)
  Sun-Shade difference, [°C] 7.3 16.1 16.1 N/A 14.1
  Values above 1-min skin burn, [%] 7.9 33.6 37.9 83.3 N/A
  Values above 5-s skin burn, [%] 0.7 18.3 24.7 44.4 N/A