TABLE 5.

Studies on the effect of crocin on osteoclastic inhibition.

Reference	Models/Crocin doses	Main results	Conclusion
Fu et al. (2017)	BMMs/100 µM (1,000 mg/ml)	Inhibition of RANKL, downregulation of NF-κB pathway, and reduction of NFATc1, c-Fos and cathepsin levels	Crocin suppresses osteoclast differentiation and function and inhibits bone resorption activity
Shi et al. (2018)	BMMs/10–40 µM (100–400 mg/ml)	Downregulation of NFATc1, c-Fos and cathepsin K, inhibition of κBα degradation, NF-κB p65 subunit nuclear translocation suppression, and JNK activation resulted in inhibition of RANKL	Crocin downregulates osteoclast differentiation via inhibition of JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways and decreases osteoclastogenesis in BMMs
Suh et al. (2019)	RAW264.7 cell line/2–10 µM (20–100 mg/ml)	Decreased gene expression levels of TRAF6, Akt2, ERK1, OSTM1, and MMP-9	Crocin decreases osteoclast function and differentiation and bone resorption in-vitro, as well reduction in bone resorption activity of osteoclasts