Figure 3.

Vancomycin-induced alterations in serum metabolites in iNOS^−/− mice. Serum metabolomic analysis in untreated and vancomycin-treated iNOS^−/− mice in ESI (+) mode. (A) PCA score plot and (B) volcano plot of differential metabolites between iNOS^−/− mice with or without vancomycin treatment. Red in the volcano plot indicates significantly upregulated metabolites, green indicates the downregulated metabolites, and gray shows no significant difference. Heatmap of differential metabolites found by metabolomics analysis in iNOS^−/− mice with and without vancomycin treatment related to (C) nucleic acid metabolism; (D) vitamins, hormones, and bile acid metabolism; (E) carbohydrate metabolism; (F) miscellaneous/microbiota-derived metabolites; (G) amino acid metabolism; and (H) lipid metabolism. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n ≥ 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. iNOS^−/−. See also Figures S4, S5 .