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. 2022 Jan 26;15(1):dmm049194. doi: 10.1242/dmm.049194

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© 2022. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 2. — Chlorate induces failure of Closure 1 in Vangl2^Lp/+ and Vangl2^flox/− embryos. (A) Experimental litters were generated by Vangl2^Lp/+×Vangl2^+/+ matings within the CBA/Ca-derived genetic background. Percentage of open NT (grey bar sectors) versus closed NT (black bar sectors) at the Closure 1 site was determined in cultures treated with water (control groups), 10 mM chlorate (treatment groups) or 10 mM chlorate plus sodium sulfate (rescue groups). Embryo numbers are shown on bars. Treatment with chlorate prevents Closure 1 in a significantly greater proportion of Lp/+ than +/+ embryos (P<0.001). Closure 1 is successful in 100% of water-treated controls. Co-administration of sodium sulfate (SO₄) significantly reduces the Closure 1 failure seen in Lp/+ embryos treated with 10 mM chlorate (P<0.001), but not in +/+ embryos (P>0.05). (B) Chlorate significantly inhibits Closure 1 in Vangl2^flox/−embryos, compared with Vangl2^flox/flox, although the penetrance of Closure 1 failure after 10 mM chlorate is significantly lower in Vangl2^flox/− embryos (7/18) than in Vangl2^Lp/+ embryos (A; 45/54; P<0.001). (C-E) Typical embryonic morphology after 24 h culture. Vangl2^+/+ embryos show completion of Closure 1 in all treatment groups (C-i,D-i,E-i). Vangl2^Lp/+ water-treated (C-ii) and chlorate+sulfate-treated embryos (E-ii) also show Closure 1, whereas a chlorate-treated Vangl2^Lp/+ embryo shows entirely open neural tube (arrowheads in D-ii). *P<0.05; ***P<0.001 (Chi-square test). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.