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. 2021 Nov 30;32(2):139–156. doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00588-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic of CPP/A task. AAV₉-EF1α-DIO-hChR2-mCherry or AAV₉-EF1α-DIO-eNpHR3.0-EYFP was injected into the NAc and an optical fiber was implanted over the VM or VP of D1-Cre mice. After three-day laser-paired place conditioning in ChR2 or eNpHR3.0 expressing mice, CPP/A test was performed. b, d, f, h Viral infection and representative images of the optical fiber tip in the VM or VP. c, e, g, i Representative images of locomotor heat maps of Test and bar graphs of CPP score. [Two-way RM ANOVA: c Control n = 12, ChR2 n = 10, F_{treatment×session}(1, 43) = 29.361, P < 0.001; e Control n = 12, ChR2 n = 10, F_{treatment×session}(1_, 43) = 22.372, P < 0.001; g Control n = 11, eNpHR3.0 n = 11, F_{treatment×session}(1, 43) = 18.787, P < 0.001; i Control n = 11, eNpHR3.0 n = 11, F_{treatment×session}(1, 43) = 7.475, P = 0.013] ***P < 0.001 vs Control, ^###P < 0.001 vs Pre-test. j Viral infection. AAV₉-EF1α-DIO-hChR2-mCherry was injected into the NAc and an optical fiber was implanted over the VM or VP of D1-Cre mice. k Schematic of ICSS task. Mice received optogenetic self-stimulation of D1^NAc-VM or D1^NAc-VP projection in response to nose-poke. l Bar graph of nose-pokes for optical stimulation of D1^NAc-VM or D1^NAc-VP projection. [RM ANOVA with Geisser-Greenhouse correction, D1^NAc-VM: Control n = 14, ChR2 n = 10, F_{virus×nosepoke}(1, 22) = 215.079, P < 0.001; Two-way RM ANOVA_, D1^NAc-VP: Control n = 13, ChR2 n = 11, F_{virus×nosepoke}(1, 47) = 29.806, P = 0.000017] ***P < 0.001 vs Control, ^###P < 0.001 vs Inactive portal. m, o Schematic of ICLASS task. When mice entered the marked area (blue), laser was passed to the VM or VP. n, p Representative locomotor heat maps of ICLASS and bar graph of percentage of duration in the area with laser stimulation. [Two-way RM ANOVA: n Control n = 10, ChR2 n = 10, F_{treatment×session} (1, 39) = 10.465, P = 0.005; p Control n = 10, ChR2 n = 10, F_{treatment×session}(1, 39) = 9.502, P = 0.006] **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs Control, ^###P < 0.001 vs Off. q, s Schematic of RTPP/A task. When mice entered the marked chamber (blue), laser was passed to the VM or VP. r, t Representative locomotor heat maps of RTPP/A and bar graphs of Preference score. [Two-tailed Student’s t-test: r Control n = 10, ChR2 n = 12 t (20) = −3.127, P = 0.005; Mann-Whitney U test, t Control n = 10, ChR2 n = 11, Z = −3.592, P = 0.000068.] **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.