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. 2022 Feb 1;13:591. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28281-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a rRNA bulges (S. cerevisiae numbering) that are missing in the structure of E. cuniculi ribosomes but present in most other eukaryotes b Comparison of the ribosome interior of E. coli, S. cerevisiae, H. sapiens and E. cuniculi illustrates that microsporidian parasites lack many ancient, highly conserved rRNA bulges. These bulges stabilize ribosome structure, therefore their absence in microsporidia suggests decreased stability of rRNA folding in microsporidian parasites. c Comparison with the P-stalk (L7/L12-stalk in bacteria) illustrates that the loss of rRNA bulges can occasionally co-occur with the emergence of new bulges in the vicinity of the lost ones. The helix H42 in 23 S/28 S rRNA possesses an ancient bulge (U1206 in S. cerevisiae), which is estimated to be at least 3.5 billion years old due to its conservation across the three domains of life. In microsporidia, this bulge has been eliminated; however, a new bulge (A1306 in E. cuniculi) has evolved in the vicinity of the lost one.