Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for the ASHA Study.

Inclusion criteria:

1. Aged 5-17 years at the time of the study enrollment 2. South Asian descent (defined as having at least 3 of 4 grandparents who had ancestral origins in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, or Nepal).

Exclusion criteria:

1. Inability or unwillingness to provide informed or surrogate consent 2. History of previously diagnosed hypertension from a healthcare provider or previous treatment with lifestyle measures or antihypertensives (we will not exclude children with previously elevated BP readings that have not been diagnosed with hypertension and/or have not had any recommendations for lifestyle of medication management) 3. History of cardiovascular, renal, or endocrine disorders  - Cardiovascular: aortic coarctation, any congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy  - Renal: renal artery stenosis/abnormalities, renal vein thrombosis, acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, long-term kidney disease, end-stage renal disease (dialysis or transplantation), polycystic kidney disease, congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT)  - Endocrine: thyroid disorders, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2), diabetes insipidus, and pheochromocytoma  - Other: malignancy, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kawasaki disease, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and fibromuscular dysplasia 4. History of clinically relevant inborn errors of metabolism or pathological genetic disorders 5. Current use of medications known to affect BP, regardless of dose/duration or indication for use (defined as any ACE inhibitor, angiotensin-II receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, thiazide-like diuretic, potassium-sparing diuretic, alpha-blocker, or beta-blocker) 6. Current use of oral/intravenous steroids and/or ≥1 month of cumulative oral/intravenous steroid use in the past 12 months regardless of dose (includes prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone). This does not include inhaled, intranasal, ophthalmic, or topical corticosteroids. 7. Current use of any stimulant medication (includes amphetamine/dextroamphetamine, dextroamphetamine) 8. Actively pregnant or breastfeeding

Note. ASHA = South Asian cHildren in Canada; BP = blood pressure; ACE = Angiotensin-converting enzyme.