Table 2.
Chronological list of the most commonly used insecticides against malaria vectors in Iran.
| # | Insecticide name | Insecticide class | Year of use∗ | Year of resistance | Replaced insecticide | Mechanisms of resistance | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DDT | OC | 1945 | 1957 | Dieldrin | GSTs | [51] |
| 2 | Dieldrin | OC | 1958 | 1960 | Malathion | aGABA-R | [33] |
| 3 | Malathion | OP | 1968 | 1977 | Propoxur | GSTs, aAChE, ESTs | [84, 85] |
| 4 | Propoxur | C | 1978 | 1991 | λ-Cyhalothrin | - | [44] |
| 5 | Pirimiphos-methyl | OP | 1991 | 1994 | λ-Cyhalothrin | aAChE | [26] |
| 6 | Bendiocarb | C | 1978 | - | λ-Cyhalothrin | ESTs | [47] |
| 7 | λ-Cyhalothrin | PY | 1994 | 2003 | Deltamethrin | P450s | [47, 56] |
| 8 | Deltamethrin | PY | 2003 | 2011 | - | P450s | [47, 86] |
| 9 | Permethrin | PY | - | - | - | P450s | [47, 87] |
| 10 | Cyfluthrin | PY | - | - | - | P450s, GSTs | [71] |
∗
Abai et al. [88]; OC: Organochlorines; OP: Organophosphates; C: Carbamates; PY: Pyrethroids; GSTs: Glutathione S-transferases; aGABA-R: Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor; aAChE: Altered acetylcholinesterase; ESTs: Esterases; P450s: microsomal P450 monooxygenases (mixed-function oxidases, MFO).