Overview of ENPP1–7 structures and domain architecture. The structures are presented as surface models based on experimental findings and AlphaFold models (87). The ENPP1–3 multidomain subgroup is to the left, and the single-domain ENPP4–7 subgroup to the right. All family members are attached to the cell surface through a transmembrane domain, except for secreted ENPP2 and GPI-anchored ENPP6. Next to each structure, the colored bar represents the location of the different domains in the corresponding sequences. All pictures were generated in UCSF ChimeraX 1.2.5 (88), and the scenes were created and rendered using Blender 2.93.5 (https://www.blender.org/). PDE, Phosphodiesterase domain; CS, Catalytic site; SMB1/2, somatomedin like domain 1/2; NUC, Nuclease-like domain; LL, lasso loop; TM, transmembrane domain; CD, cytoplasmic domain; PDB files used: ENPP1: 6WEU, AF-P22413; ENPP2: 5MHP, AF-Q13822; ENPP3: 6C01, AF-O14638; ENPP4: 4LQY, AF-Q9Y6X5; ENPP5: 5VEO, AF-Q9UJA9; ENPP6: 5EGH, AF-Q6UWR7; and ENPP7: 5TCD, AF-Q6UWV6.