Table 1.
Behaviours outcomes
| Protective behaviour | Market-based | Social distancing | |||||||
| Basic | +Indiv Fixed Effects | +Enviro | Basic | +Indiv Fixed Effects | +Enviro | Basic | +Indiv Fixed Effects | +Enviro | |
| Wave 2 | −0.032** | −0.041** | −0.029 | −0.029 | −0.017 | −0.062 | −0.113*** | −0.105*** | −0.101** |
| (0.014) | (0.021) | (0.044) | (0.018) | (0.024) | (0.051) | (0.016) | (0.023) | (0.050) | |
| Wave 3 | −0.030** | −0.041** | −0.045 | −0.077*** | −0.079*** | −0.119** | −0.177*** | −0.175*** | −0.171*** |
| (0.015) | (0.021) | (0.050) | (0.018) | (0.024) | (0.058) | (0.019) | (0.026) | (0.062) | |
| Wave 4 | −0.043** | −0.051** | −0.021 | −0.109*** | −0.112*** | −0.209** | −0.306*** | −0.305*** | −0.296*** |
| (0.017) | (0.023) | (0.080) | (0.019) | (0.026) | (0.093) | (0.020) | (0.026) | (0.097) | |
| COVID-19 caseload | 0.049*** | −0.040** | 0.002 | ||||||
| (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.021) | |||||||
| Govt Response Index | 0.003 | −0.007 | 0.001 | ||||||
| (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |||||||
| Adj R-squared | 0.002 | 0.156 | 0.160 | 0.008 | 0.315 | 0.316 | 0.065 | 0.209 | 0.209 |
| Observations | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 | 9760 |
| Wave 1 mean | 0.899 | 0.374 | 0.877 | ||||||
Data are weighted, and SEs are clustered at the household level. COVID-19 caseload is the average number of cases per 10 000 in the past 14 days at the district level, except for Assam, Telangana and Delhi, which use state-level caseload due to data constraints. Government Response Index is the 14-day average of the ‘overall government response index’ from the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker, with higher values indicating heightened government restrictions. The second and third columns for each outcome include individual fixed effects. Individuals are considered to be social distancing if they did not report visiting other households or having visitors to their own households. Individuals are considered to be following market-based distancing if they did report any of the following: attended a 10+ person gathering, had close contact with non-household members, travelled for work or went shopping. Individuals are considered to be engaging in protective behaviours if they report washing their hands and wearing a face mask. ‘Don’t know’ responses (n=15) and refusals (n=4) coded to missing. Significance is as follows: *p=0.1, **p=0.05 and ***p=0.01.