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. 2022 Feb 1;12(2):e048877. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048877

Table 5.

Indicators over time by intervention and comparison area

Indicator Area 2016 2017 2018 2019 Percentage point difference
2019–2016
(95% CI) P value*		 Linear trend P value† P value interaction time and area‡
N n % (95% CI) N n % (95% CI) N n % (95% CI) N n % (95% CI)
Antenatal care period
Women made at least one ANC visit Intervention 519 366 71 (62 to 78) 494 350 71 (64 to 77) 511 435 85(79 to 90) 458 405 88(82 to 93) 17 (11 to 25)
<0.001		 <0.001 0.006
Comparison 492 279 57 (47 to 66) 438 239 55 (46 to 63) 480 292 61 (51 to 70) 413 298 72(61 to 81) 15 (6 to 25)
0.002		 0.014
Women made at least four ANC visits Intervention 519 239 46 (39 to 53) 494 230 46 (39 to 53) 511 326 64 (56 to 71) 511 315 69 (60 to 76) 23 (14 to 32)
<0.001		 0.002 0.003
Comparison 493 145 29 (23 to 37) 438 131 30 (23 to 37) 480 164 34 (25 to 45) 480 179 43 (34 to 53) 14 (6 to 22)
<0.001		 0.458
Women received basic ANC quality Intervention 519 303 58 (50 to 66) 494 261 53 (44 to 62) 511 312 61 (52 to 69) 458 305 66 (58 to 74) 8 (1 to 18)
0.008		 0.002 0.599
Comparison 492 216 44 (35 to 53) 438 160 37 (29 to 45) 480 183 38 (30 to 47) 413 220 53 (42 to64) 9 (−0.2 to 19)
0.056		 NA
Women received syphilis test results Intervention 519 61 12 (9 to 16) 494 86 17 (12 to 24) 511 166 32 (26 to 40) 458 149 33 (27 to 38) 21 (14 to 27)
<0.001		 <0.001 0.758
Comparison 492 39 8 (6 to 11) 438 55 13 (8 to 20) 480 96 20 (14 to 27) 413 88 21 (15 to 30) 13 (5 to 21)
0.002		 0.008
Facilities PHC had syphilis treatment available Intervention 55 5 9 (4 to 20) 55 29 53 (39 to 66) 57 37 65 (52 to 76) 57 21 37 (25 to 50) 28 (12 to 44)
<0.001		 <0.001 0.061
Comparison 39 3 8 (2 to 22) 39 7 18 (9 to 33) 40 6 15 (7 to 30) 41 5 12 (5 to 26) 4 (−8 to 17)
0.467		 NA
Intrapartum care period
Women gave birth in a facility Intervention 519 248 48 (37 to 59) 494 217 44 (33 to 55) 511 313 61 (53 to 69) 458 294 64 (54 to 73) 16 (7 to 26)
0.002		 <0.001 <0.001
Comparison 492 128 26 (18 to 35) 436 154 35 (27 to 45) 480 147 31 (23 to 39) 412 145 35 (26 to 46) 9 (0.5 to 18)
0.039		 0.078
Women received uterotonic Intervention 509 223 44 (34 to 54) 473 186 39 (30 to 49) 505 264 52 (45 to 60) 435 256 59 (50 to 67) 15 (6 to 24)
0.001		 0.002 0.008
Comparison 487 133 27 (20 to 37) 416 127 31 (23 to 40) 475 132 28 (21 to 35) 372 141 38 (29 to 48) 11 (3 to 19)
0.010		 0.527
PHC had pre-eclampsia treatment available

Intervention

55

11

20 (11 to 33)

55

35

64 (51 to 75)

57

56

98 (88 to 100)		 57

53

93 (82 to 97)

73 (60 to 86)
<0.001

<0.001

0.021
Comparison 39 5 13 (5 to 28) 39 7 18 (9 to 33) 40 23 58 (42 to 72) 41 22 54 (38 to 68) 41 (24 to 58)
<0.001		 0.062
Birth attendant was able to correctly manage pre-eclampsia Intervention 55 16 29 (18 to 43) 55 23 42 (29 to 55) 57 46 81 (68 to 89) 57 50 88 (76 to 94) 59 (42 to 75)
<0.001		 0.023 0.971
Comparison 37 10 27 (15 to 44) 36 11 31 (18 to 48) 36 19 53 (36 to 69) 38 27 71 (55 to 83) 44 (24 to 64)
<0.001		 0.005
Immediate newborn care period
Facilities had newborn resuscitation equipment available Intervention 55 35 64 (50 to 75) 55 45 82 (69 to 90) 57 51 89 (78 to 95) 57 54 95 (85 to 98) 31 (17 to 46)
<0.001		 <0.001 0.001
Comparison 39 17 44 (29 to 60) 39 12 31 (18 to 47) 40 8 20 (10 to 35) 41 16 39 (25 to 55) −5 (−18 to 9)
0.509		 NA
Birth attendant was able to correctly manage newborn resuscitation Intervention 55 6 11 (5 to 23) 55 12 22 (13 to 35) 57 27 47 (35 to 60) 57 27 47 (35 to 60) 36 (19 to 54)
<0.001		 0.038 0.775
Comparison 37 5 14 (6 to 29) 36 5 14 (6 to 30) 36 8 22 (11 to 39) 38 9 24 (13 to 40) 10 (−8 to 29)
0.276		 NA
Newborn bathing was delayed until at least 24 hours after birth Intervention 519 226 44 (36 to 52) 492 224 46 (37 to 54) 511 305 60 (50 to 69) 458 285 62 (52 to 71) 18 (8 to 30)
0.002		 0.012 0.034
Comparison 492 161 33 (26 to 40) 435 136 31 (24 to 39) 480 188 39 (30 to 49) 412 169 41 (32 to 51) 8 (−1 to 18)
0.090		 NA
Newborn received clean cord care Intervention 519 216 42 (34 to 49) 494 212 43 (36 to 50) 511 331 65 (57 to 72) 458 335 73 (66 to 79) 31 (21 to 42)
<0.001		 <0.001 <0.001
Comparison 492 140 28 (23 to 35) 438 134 31 (24 to 38) 480 159 33 (26 to 41) 413 208 50 (41 to 59) 22 (13 to 31)
<0.001		 0.028
Newborn was breastfed within 1 hour of birth Intervention 511 270 53 (46 to 60) 489 283 58 (49 to 66) 509 531 69 (62 to 75) 454 304 67 (59 to 74) 14 (3 to 25)
0.016		 0.028 0.524
Comparison 483 215 45 (39 to 50) 430 207 48 (40 to 56) 474 262 55 (49 to 62) 409 249 61 (51 to 70) 16 (7 to 26)
0.002		 0.586
Postpartum and postnatal care period
Women received a postpartum check within 2 days of delivery Intervention 519 56 11 (7 to 17) 492 39 8 (5 to 12) 507 59 12 (8 to 17) 457 60 13 (9 to 19) 2 (−4 to 9)
0.451		 NA 0.018
Comparison 492 24 5 (3 to 9) 434 23 5 (3 to 8) 480 11 2 (1 to 5) 413 34 8 (5 to 13) 3 (1 to 8)
0.002		 0.002
Newborns received a postnatal check within 2 days of birth Intervention 519 28 5 (3 to 9) 491 27 5 (3 to 10) 510 32 6 (4 to 10) 458 31 7 (4 to 11) 2 (−2 to 5)
0.391		 NA 0.059
Comparison 492 18 4 (2 to 7) 435 10 2 (1 to 4) 479 5 1 (0.3 to 3) 412 17 4 (2 to 10) 0 (−4 to 4)
0.825		 NA
Newborns with suspected sepsis treated with antibiotics Intervention 43 15 35 (22 to 50) 33 13 39 (23 to 58) 25 9 36 (15 to 64) 15 11 73 (44 to 91) 38 (12 to 65)
0.006		 0.198 0.273
Comparison 29 13 45 (28 to 62) 23 9 39 (24 to 57) 20 4 20 (9 to 38) 21 10 48 (26 to 70) 3 (−27 to 33)
0.852		 NA
Facilities had newborn sepsis treatment available Intervention 55 20 36 (25 to 50) 55 38 69 (56 to 80) 57 36 63 (50 to 75 57 38 67 (53 to 78) 31 (10 to 50)
0.004		 <0.001 0.054
Comparison 39 12 31 (18 to 47) 39 15 38 (24 to 55) 40 9 23 (12 to 38) 41 11 27 (15 to 43) −4 (−22 to 14)
0.663		 NA

Models of household survey indicators adjusted for maternal education. Denominators vary due to missing data.

*P value based on t-test.

†Test for linear trend based on likelihood ratio test.

‡P value for interaction between area (intervention) and survey year (2019).

ANC, antenatal care; CI, Confidence interval.