Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 2.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2020 Nov 18;160(4):1269–1283. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.015

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The expression of VDR, ATG16L1, and lysozymes is downregulated in CD patients. (A) Reduced VDR and ATG16L1 expression in patients with CD. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; normal, n = 11; CD, n = 51; Welch’s t test, *P < .05, **P < .01. (B) Significantly coordinated expression of VDR and ATG16L1 in CD patients. We performed a regression of VDR against ATGT6L1 and conducted a scatter plot with a regression line. Values for healthy control subjects are in blue and values for CD patients in red. Gene Expression Omnibus database GSE102134 normal, n = 11; CD, n = 51; the coefficient is 0.0247 with P = .0498 in the linear regression model. (C) Lower ATG16L1 expression in the small intestine tissues of the CD patients than that of normal tissues, as determined by immunohistochemical staining. Images are representative of experiments in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, normal, n = 6; CD, n = 8; Welch’s t test; ***P < .001. (D) Significantly lower VDR expression in the small intestine of CD patients, compared with normal small intestine. Images are representative of experiments in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, normal, n = 6; CD, n = 8; Welch’s t test; ***P < .001. (E) Numbers of Paneth cells per crypt and percentage of normal Paneth cells (D0) were lower in CD patients compared with normal small intestine. The percentage of Paneth cells that displayed normal (D0) and abnormal (D1–D3) patterns of lysozyme expression. Images are representative of experiments in triplicate. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, normal, n = 6; CD, n = 8; Welch’s t test or 2-way analysis of variance test, respectively; **P < .01, ***P < .001.