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. 2022 Jan 19;9:816301. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.816301

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Copyright © 2022 Shalaby, Al Aidaros, Valappil, Ali and Akawi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different pathological effects of ceramides (C16:0, C18:0, and C24:1). Effects of ceramides include generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production, adversely affecting the human body. Ceramides showed dual effect on vascular system through uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase, decreasing NO availability and sustainable stimulation of ROS production especially superoxide free radicals (O₂ ^.−). This may contribute to multiple dysfunctions in the cardiovascular system including oxidative stress, atherosclerosis and it can be promoted to a dilated cardiomyopathy [NO, nitric oxide synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species]. This figure was created using Biorender.com.