TABLE 2.
Summary of ceramides impacts on cardiovascular outcomes in humans.
| Observed markers | Associated cardiovascular outcomes | Number of participants | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ceramide ratios | Major adverse cardiovascular incidents that involve acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, stroke, and CV death | N = 920 HTN patients | Yin et al. (2021) |
| C16:0/C24:0 | |||
| C24:1/C22:0 | |||
| C16:0, C18:0, C24:1 and Ceramide ratios: C16:0/C24:0, C18:0/C24:0, C24:1/C24:0 | Cardiovascular mortality | N = 1704 CAD patients | Li et al. (2020) |
| C16:0, C18:0, C24:1 | Cardiovascular mortality | N = 400 | Targher et al. (2020) |
| C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 | Heart failure | N = 433 | Javaheri et al. (2020) |
| C16:0 | Heart failure | N = 4,249 | Lemaitre et al. (2019) |
| C16:0, C18:0 | Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance | N = 2086 | Lemaitre et al. (2018) |
| C20:0, C22:0, C24:0 | |||
| C18:0 | Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance | N = 962 | Wigger et al. (2017) |
| C16:0, C18:0, C24:1 and Ceramide ratios: C16:0/C24:0, C18:0/C24:0, C24:1/C24:0 | Myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, and death | N = 495 | Meeusen et al. (2018) |
CAD, coronary artery disease; HTN, hypertension.