Table 2.

Important features of the life‐history strategy of Thecodiplosis japonensis

Life stage	Phenology and relation to host	Other relevant information
Egg	From mid‐May to late July, one or more eggs laid on developing needles. Females have ca. 140 eggs in their ovaries but do not always lay all their eggs.	Eggs hatch in 5–6 days
Larva	Neonate larvae crawl down the needles, and form a gall where they gregariously feed by sap sucking	One to 22 individuals per gall; three larval instars, larvae leave the galls in November, drop to the soil, spin a cocoon and overwinter. Larvae can jump over 27 cm.
Pupa	Pupation occurs in the soils at the end of the winter	Conflicting information: Median cumulative adult emergence with 847.9 degree‐days and a lower larva to adult development threshold (LDT) of 5.9°C (Son et al., 2007). Median cumulative adult emergence with 626.7 degree‐days and a lower larva to adult development threshold (LDT) of 6.1°C (Nam and Choi, 2014).
Adult	Emergence from mid‐May to late August; Adult life very short (1 day) Mating and oviposition on hosts nearby	Females flew a maximum distance of 668 m in flight mills.