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. 2022 Feb 2;37(5):1183–1190. doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-07261-y

Table 3.

Likelihood of COVID-19 Testing and Positivity by Race/Ethnicity. Medicaid—Northern California Cohort

(A) Tested for COVID-19 (B) Positive COVID-19 Test Result
Covariate Model 1
RR (95% CI)
p-value Model 2
RR (95% CI)
p-value Model 3
RR (95% CI)
p-value Model 1
RR (95% CI)
p-value Model 2
RR (95% CI)
p-value Model 3
RR (95% CI)
p-value
Race/ethnicity
  White, non-Hispanic 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
  Latino/Hispanic 1.17 (1.11, 1.22) <0.01 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) <0.01 1.19 (1.13, 1.26) <0.01 1.84 (1.55, 2.20) <0.01 1.71 (1.43, 2.04) <0.01 1.60 (1.32, 1.94) <0.01
  Black 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.69 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) 0.83 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) 0.49 1.26 (1.03, 1.55) 0.03 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) 0.06 1.22 (0.97, 1.52) 0.08
  Asian 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) <0.01 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) 0.01 0.91 (0.84, 0.97) 0.01 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) 0.07 1.07 (0.87, 1.33) 0.52 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) 0.63
  Multi-racial/other 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) 0.99 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) 0.94 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) 0.96 1.40 (1.01, 1.94) 0.04 1.36 (0.99, 1.88) 0.06 1.17 (0.81, 1.70) 0.40
  Unknown 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) <0.01 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) 0.05 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) 0.09 1.76 (1.26, 2.46) 0.00 1.57 (1.11, 2.20) 0.01 1.52 (1.08, 2.15) 0.02

Model 1 controls for age, gender, and needs interpreter; Model 2 adds chronic medical diagnoses (obesity, diabetes, COPD, asthma, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, depression, anxiety); Model 3 adds self-reported context and needs (lives with others, children in household, education less than high school, trouble paying for basics, food insecurity, housing concerns, needs help with ADLs, transportation barriers) and Social Vulnerability Index Score.