Table 2. Types of education access for undocumented and non-citizen children in Malaysia.

Categories of non-citizens children in Malaysia	Types of Education
	Formal Education			Informal Education
	Public School	Private School		Learning Centre1
		International school2	Expatriate school3	Malaysian Government-supported 4,5	Embassy supported		NGO or Community operated8	Islamic religious school (Madrasah or Tahfiz)9
					Indonesian6	Philippines7
Overall Malaysia
Stateless and undocumented with one Malaysian as parent or guardian	√			√			√	√
Peninsular Malaysia
Refugee and asylum seekers		√					√	√
Subcategories in Sabah
Filipinos					√		√	√
Indonesian			√		√		√	√
Bajau Laut				√	√		√	√
Local people in the interior10	√						√

¹ Learning centres are an alternative pathway for children lacking the necessary identity documentation to gain access to formal education at public schools.

² Private international schools are only accessible to those with the financial means to pay the school fees. Valid passports and visas are required for admission to international schools.

³ Expatriate schools are formal schools established under the auspices of an embassy. Examples of expatriate schools are the Sekolah Indonesia Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bharu and Kota Kinabalu, which informally accept children of migrant workers.

⁴ Sekolah Bimbingan Jalinan Kasih (SBJK) is an alternative education programme under the Ministry of Education, Malaysia that caters to abandoned and street children in Malaysia.

⁵ The National Security Council (NSC) of Malaysia, in collaboration with UNICEF and other organisations, provides alternative education for undocumented children in Sabah. As of June 2015, there were 12 NSC run learning centres in operation.

⁶ Malaysia and Indonesia signed a Government to Government (G2G) Agreement in 2006 to ensure that children of Indonesian migrant workers have access to education. The Indonesian government sends in qualified Indonesian teachers to teach in learning centres in Sabah and Sarawak.

⁷ In 2014, six learning centres in Sabah signed a Memorandum of Understanding on a community-based education program with the Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO), the Department of Education (DepEd), and the Philippine Embassy in Kuala Lumpur.

⁸ Refugee or asylum-seekers access informal education through learning centres, either partnered with UNHCR or entirely community-based. As of March 2020, there are 126 learning centres recognised by UNHCR in Peninsular Malaysia.

⁹ Islamic religious schools in Malaysia, also known as Maahad Tahfiz.

¹⁰ Many indigenous children are unable to attend school because of distance, lack of documentation, or language barriers.

Sourced from [3,21].