Table 1.
Changes in Drug and Opioid Overdose Deaths Nationally and Stratified by Medicaid Expansion from 2019 to 2020.
| Rate of Drug Overdose Deathsa |
Change 2019–2020b (95% CI) |
Rate of Opioid Overdose Deathsa |
Change 2019–2020b (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 M (SD) |
2020 M (SD) |
2019 M (SD) |
2020 M (SD) |
|||
| Medicaid Expansionc | 24.7 (9.9) | 31.2 (13.3) | 7.0 (3.3, 10.8)*** | 18.1 (10.1) | 23.8 (12.8) | 6.0 (2.4, 9.7)*** |
| Non-Medicaid Expansionc | 17.2 (6.5) | 22.6 (9.8) | 4.8 (1.5, 8.2)** | 11.2 (6.1) | 16.0 (9.2) | 4.6 (0.6, 6.6)* |
Notes: All estimates are expressed as adjusted rates per 100,000 per residents by year.
*p<0.05, ** p <0.01, ***p <0.001.
a
Unadjusted rates
b
Results from ordinary least squares (OLS) interrupted time series (ITS) models including state and year fixed effects with robust standard errors clustered at the state level.
c
Medicaid expansion status was a binary indicator taking on a value of 1 for states which expanded Medicaid income eligibility for childless adults under the Affordable Care Act by January 1, 2020, 0 otherwise.