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. 2022 Feb 2;48:275–281. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.01.036

Table 2.

COVID-19 symptoms that relate to micronutrient deficiencies and associated nutrient depleting medications [[50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57]].

Symptoms Associated Nutrient Deficiencies Medications that may deplete associated nutrients
Anxiety Vitamin C
Folate
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    OHA/Diuretics/Antidepressants/Anticonvulsants/HRT/OC
Apathy Thiamine
Niacin
Zinc
  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants

  • -

    Antipsychotics

  • -

    Diuretics/ACE inhibitors
Ataxia Thiamine
Cobalamin
  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants

  • -

    OHA/Acid-suppressants
Confusion Thiamine
Niacin
  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants

  • -

    Antipsychotics
Depression/Mood Change Vitamin C
Niacin
Pyridoxine
Biotin
Folate
Cobalamin
Zinc
Magnesium
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    Antipsychotics

  • -

    Oral Contraceptives

  • -

    Anticonvulsants/Antibiotics

  • -

    OHA/Diuretics/Antidepressants/Anticonvulsants/HRT/OC

  • -

    OHA/Acid-suppressants

  • -

    Diuretics/ACE Inhibitors

  • -

    Acid-suppressants/Antibiotics/OC/Corticosteroids/Digoxin/HRT
Dizziness Magnesium
  • -

    Acid-suppressants/Antibiotics/OC/Corticosteroids/Digoxin/HRT
Encephalopathy Thiamine
Niacin
  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants

  • -

    Antipsychotics
Headache Pantothenic Acid
Folate
  • -

    Aspirin/Antibiotics

  • -

    OHA/Diuretics/Antidepressants/Anticonvulsants/HRT/OC
Irritability Vitamin C
Pantothenic Acid
Pyridoxine
Folate
Cobalamin
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    Aspirin/Antibiotics

  • -

    Oral Contraceptives

  • -

    OHA/Diuretics/Antidepressants/Anticonvulsants/HRT/OC

  • -

    OHA/Acid-suppressants
Loss of Appetite Thiamine
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Magnesium
  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants

  • -

    Antipsychotics

  • -

    Aspirin/Antibiotics

Acid-suppressants/Antibiotics/OC/Corticosteroids/Digoxin/HRT
Changes in ability to concentrate Niacin
Cobalamin
Magnesium
  • -

    Antipsychotics

  • -

    OHA/Acid-suppressants

  • -

    Acid-suppressants/Antibiotics/OC/Corticosteroids/Digoxin/HRT
Muscle Cramps Magnesium
  • -

    Acid-suppressants/Antibiotics/OC/Corticosteroids/Digoxin/HRT
Muscle Pain
/Tenderness		 Vitamin C
Thiamine
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants
Paresthesia of Extremities Pantothenic Acid Pyridoxine
Biotin
Cobalamin
  • -

    Aspirin/Antibiotics

  • -

    Oral Contraceptives

  • -

    Anticonvulsants/Antibiotics

  • -

    OHA/Acid-suppressants
Sleep Disturbances Pantothenic Acid
Folate
  • -

    Aspirin/Antibiotics

  • -

    OHA/Diuretics/Antidepressants/Anticonvulsants/HRT/OC
Shortness of Breath Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Iron
Thiamine
Folate
Cobalamin
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    Cholesterol Lowering Meds

  • -

    Acid-Suppressants

  • -

    Diuretics/Digoxin/Anticonvulsants

  • -

    OHA/Diuretics/Antidepressants/Anticonvulsants/HRT/OC OHA/Acid-suppressants

  • -

    OHA/Acid-suppressants
Weakness/Fatigue Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Iron
Magnesium
Zinc
All B Vitamins
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    Cholesterol Lowering Meds

  • -

    Acid-Suppressants

  • -

    Acid-suppressants/Antibiotics/OC/Corticosteroids/Digoxin/HRT

  • -

    Diuretics/ACE Inhibitors

OHA – oral hyperglycemic agents HRT – hormone replacement therapies OC – oral contraceptives